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| Term Paper # 65587 |
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Ovarian Cancer.
This paper discusses ovarian cancer, the disease caused by the rapid growth and division of cancerous cells within one or both ovaries.
3,180 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ovarian cancer is the 'Silent Killer' because, 70 to 75% of the time, by the time the cancer is discovered, it has spread to other areas of the body, especially into the abdomen. By then, it is too late to hope for a recovery. The author points out that abdominal swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness are some of the symptoms of ovarian cancer, which are common symptoms to many other disorders; therefore, doctors, presented with these symptoms immediately should perform a pelvic and recto-vaginal examination, order some blood tests including CA125, and order a transvaginal ultrasound examination. The paper relates that, although the direct cause of ovarian cancer is not known, some of the major risk factors are family history and breast cancer at an early age; other factors are menopause, obesity, early menarche, late first pregnancy, the use of clomiphene citrate to encourage pregnancy, and infertility.
From the Paper
"Sometimes it so happens that the cancerous cells break away from the original tumor and end up in another entirely different part of the body. This process is known as 'metastasis'. Many different kinds of tumors can be formed within the ovaries of a woman, in fact more than thirty known types. However, ovarian cancers are generally divided into three main categories, according to the type of cells that formed them, which are epithelial cancers, that are the most common form of ovarian cancers, and which are formed from the various cells that line or cover the ovaries. The second broad category of ovarian cancer is the germ cell cancer, which in other words means that this cancer starts from germ cells within the ovaries."
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Ovarian Cancer, 2007.
This paper examines the relationship of race and socioeconomic background to the early detection of ovarian cancer.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper poses several research questions related to ovarian cancer. The author systematically tries to determine if there is a connection between race, socioeconomic background and the detection of ovarian cancer. The paper includes a brief review of current literature.
From the Paper
"Researchers in the field of cancer study generally agree that cancer research is lacking on the issue of socioeconomic status as many research studies are limited in the way they obtain samples participants, often those of the white middle class are chosen through sample collection. In one article this is stated case of the researchers, as the generalization and therefore validity can only be obtained through the small subset of patients in the survey, in this case about social support and cancer, and white middle class women with breast cancer. "
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Ovarian Cancer, 2002.
An overview of the kinds, symptoms and treatment of this form of cancer.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss Ovarian Cancer: the types, the treatments and the ways that it is being dealt with in the medical community at large. An analysis of several cases wiill help us to see how this disease survives and under what conditions its works. The main objective of this paper will be to understand the disease of Ovarian Cancer and to uncover its many facets in the medical world.
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Ovarian Cancer, 2006.
An analysis of the impact of income levels on access to chemotherapy treatment among African-American and white women.
1,143 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how income can influence the care of cancer patients. According to the paper, those in higher income groups have greater access to better treatment and care. This paper extends to peer-reviewed studies of ovarian cancer in African-American and white women in general. The paper aims to isolate case studies and scientific investigations that provide additional insights into the guiding research questions concerning the impact of income level on access to chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Methodology
From the Paper
"Furthermore, researchers report that ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all female reproductive system cancers among African American women because the disease is not diagnosed in most cases until it has reached advanced stages; fortunately, though, there are promising clinical trials underway that focus on chemotherapy (Health hotline, 2003). Clearly, then, early detection and treatment are vital components of an effective clinical intervention, but healthcare resources are by definition scarce and therefore can be reasonably expected to go to those who have the ability to pay for them. Indeed, lower-income women in general do not have access to the same level of medical care, nor can they always afford to take time off from work, if they are employed, to seek such care, as their white middle-class counterparts (Kinnon, 1999). "
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Cancer in Women, 2004.
An examination of factors relating to breast and ovarian cancer in women.
3,306 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This study provides a clearer understanding of this mysterious killer disease, through a familiarization on how it occurs, the mechanism and factors involved, and recent and significant discoveries to its management and approach. This study uses mainly the descriptive-normative method in collecting information from existing studies, reports, and articles gathered and interpreting their data. Information includes statistics from medical and scientific journals and the National Cancer Institute. It summarizes and crystallizes the findings of these sources in achieving above-stated objectives.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant neoplasm or new growth of cells, which, unlike normal cells, have less or lost differentiation among themselves and now spread out and tend to invade surrounding tissues waywardly and at greater speed (Lexico Publishing Group LLC 2004). Cell mutation happens when there is a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a specific gene or in the physical arrangement of its chromosomes. That change may be harmful, beneficial or neutral and inherited as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked traits. Medical experts agree that many cancer-predisposing mutations are autosomal dominant, wherein cancer susceptibility occurs. A person may have an autosomal dominant mutated gene without getting sick but simply as a carrier (National Cancer Institute 2003)."
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Nutrition and Cancer, 1999.
Examines the connection between diet and cancer, types of cancer, effective cancer-fighting foods and nutrients and research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually.
From the Paper
"NUTRITION & CANCER
Introduction
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually. Chemotherapeutic techniques fail to reduce death rates from cancers of the breast, lung, brain, colon, prostate, ovary, and pancreas. Studies on diet and cancer offer information regarding naturally occurring anticancer agents. Research concludes that plant-based diets with whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables reduce risk of cancer. Carotenes and antioxidant vitamins may act as anticancer ..."
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Skin Cancer And How it is Caused, 2006.
This paper talks about skin cancer, what exactly skin cancer is, how one gets the disease and how to prevent it.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author essentially talks about what skin cancer is, and how people can be exposed to getting it. He talks about the instances of skin cancer such as people who have a lighter skin tend to have an increased probability of being affected by the rays compared to dark skinned individuals. The paper discusses symptoms attached with skin cancer, like bumps around the head, neck or the shoulder area which might be the sign of a growing skin based tumor. In conclusion the author highlights that instances of skin cancer are growing daily and that more care when in the sun needs to be taken, to prevent the ultraviolet rays of the sun which are the main cause of skin cancer.
From the Paper
"Within the field of medicine, there are a whole range of cancers and one of them is skin cancer. Skin cancer has been getting a lot of media attention in the past couple of years primarily due to the reason that it has been faced by many people, especially in the Western world. In fact, skin cancer, in a relatively short period of time has come to become an increasingly common condition. The most common reason due to the increase in the number of cases of skin cancer has been the increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, against which there seems to be no strong way of prevention. Many people use a number of sun screens (a type of cream) to decrease the effects of this type of radiation from coming into their bodies but at times, this mechanism of protection simply might not be enough."
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Laryngeal Cancer, 2008.
Describes laryngeal cancer or cancer of the larynx, which is generally squamous cell carcinoma.
1,985 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that laryngeal cancer is cancer of the larynx or voice box, which is essential for normal vocal production. The paper describes several types of degrees of laryngectomy, the complete or partial removal of the larynx, which is usually performed to contain and stop the cancer from metastasizing to other cells. The paper then explains that, in addition to regular post surgical care, a speech pathologist should be included in the treatment team as soon as possible. The speech pathologist helps the patient learn to communicate, provides counseling and gives emotional support. Several illustrations are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"It is the responsibility of the speech language pathologist to be the main intermediary between the patient and communication, postoperatively, as speech pathologists seek to help the patient learn effective communication in whatever manner possible so the individual may gain as close to pre-surgical communication effectiveness as possible. This means that the speech pathologist is responsible for training the individual on devices, pneumonic and electric as well as helping the individual to use pneumonic devices for communication and or teaching the individual a greater expression of sign language development."
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Breast Cancer and African-American Women, 2007.
This paper examines several issues concerning African-American women and breast cancer.
6,569 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
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Breast Cancer and Genetics, 2001.
This paper discusses the relationship between the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and breast cancer.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how certain genes, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be used in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. It outlines the possible causes of breast cancer, its symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses the issue of genetic screening, as an ethical issue and how it can help to treat breast cancer.
From the paper:
"Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands and can actually can strike both men and women, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman is, the greater is her likelihood of developing breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and in North America and Western Europe, where life spans are longer, the incidence is highest."
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Cigarette Smoking and Cancer, 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer.
703 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the extent to which cigarette smoking is responsible for cancer and the types of cancers caused by smoking. The paper examines the main cancer-causing ingredients in cigarette smoke and explains how they cause cancer.
Outline:
Abstract
How Far is Cigarette Smoking Responsible for Causing Cancer
Types of Cancer Caused by Cigarette Smoking
Cancer-causing Ingredients in Cigarette Smoke
The Cancer-Causing Mechanism
From the Paper
"A major WHO Cancer Report in 2003 identifies tobacco consumption as "the most important avoidable cancer risk" worldwide ("Global Cancer Rates" 2003). According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute , "cigarette smoking alone is directly responsible for approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States" ("Cigarette Smoking and Cancer," 2004). Since active smoking is a purely voluntary act, these statistics make cigarette smoking the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Statistics on Cancer in other developed countries are no different with approximately a third of all cancer deaths in the UK being attributable to smoking in the year 2000 ("Fact sheet No. 4" 2005). Although the rising smoking trend in the developed world, including the United States, has reversed in recent decades due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, it is increasing in the developing world by 3.4% per year ("Tobacco and the Developing World," 2007). "
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Nurses and Breast Cancer, 2007.
The paper presents a project that examines the benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions for both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients.
2,661 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper's study seeks to identify patient information needs, as well as these needs as perceived by the nurse. The paper also seeks to identify the informational needs of breast cancer patients regardless of cancer type, stage or treatment that is undergoing or is completed. The paper determines the informational needs for both groups by administration of the 75-item Information Needs Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (INQ-BC) while patient satisfaction and quality of life is measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy.
Outline:
Abstract
Project Description
Research Problem/Question
Outline of Methodology
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Nurses are an underutilized health care resource, especially in the care of breast cancer patients and survivors (Gray, Goel, Fitch, Franssen & Labrecque, 2002). Traditional practice has always placed specialists at the forefront, who provide most patient services, from consultation, assessment, diagnosis, treatment to maintenance and follow-up. It is also understandable that, with these numerous responsibilities placed on the shoulders of specialists, in addition to their busy work schedules, these specialists may not be always able to spend adequate and "quality time" with their patients. However, with the expansion of the nursing profession to cross-cover most of the roles of physicians, there is promise in exploring these new roles by the advance practice nurse."
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Colorectal Cancer and MBD4, 2004.
A review of recent colorectal cancer statistics in the U.S. and the U.K. including recent facts about a key player in colorectal cancer called MBD4.
1,071 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word ?cancer? describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
This paper discusses prostate cancer and research to determine if it has a genetic cause.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prostate cancer is the most frequent non-dermatological cancer in men in the United States and it is second to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The author points out that, as with other cancers such as breast and colon cancer, which have a familial clustering pattern; prostate cancer cases are believed to be due to a high risk of inherited genetic factors or perhaps even a susceptibility gene. The paper relates that increasing incidence of prostate cancer may be due to better detection, greater awareness on the part of the public of the condition and perhaps even a greater life expectancy with a decrease in the number of competing causes of death rather than a true increase in the prevalence of prostate cancer on the whole.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that maternal cancers also seem to have an affect on the risk of prostate cancers. It is felt that risk of prostate cancer is higher in men with a family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer in a primary relative. This was only reported out in two studies, however, and other studies failed to find any association between family history of female breast cancer and greater risk of prostate cancer. This perhaps may be explained by the questionable increase in prostate cancer in men with BRCA 1 / 2 mutations in the setting of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. "
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