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Ecuador and Dollarization, 2002.
Examines Ecuador's move to 'dollarize' its economy and the results of this decision.
1,972 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The country of Ecuador has, over the past several years, seen its economy reach crisis level, resulting in the devaluation of its currency, the closing of many schools, a crisis in confidence by both Ecuadorans and people in many other countries and substantial political upheaval as the government has repeatedly ? and rapidly ? changed hands. The causes for the country?s economic failure are complex and interlinking. This paper examines one of the most important causes - the country?s exchange rate and the relationship between the its economic situation and the dollarization of the economy (the extensive use of the U.S. dollar alongside or instead of the domestic currency).
From the Paper
"One possible solution to the country?s economic problems (although this may only be a short-term one) is dollarization. In large measure because of the ways in which Ecuador?s economy has been weakened through international banking policies (including those instituted by both the IMF and the World Bank), Ecuadorans have for several years sought refuge in the process of dollarization ? a move that was initially at least made out of desperation. The move to dollarization was made in part because of problems internal to Ecuador?s economic situation and in part due to a domino effect common in Latin America in which problems in one country spill over to others. "
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Ecuador: The Road to Dollarization and Beyond, 2004.
This paper discusses the use of the dollar currency in Ecuador, how it reached this stage, and how it affects the economy.
5,987 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies five persistent factors that have determined the historical trajectory in Ecuador?s exchange-rate policy and threatened its long-term macroeconomic stability: (a) chronic inflation, (b) over-dependence on commodity exports, (c) excessive borrowing, (d) institutional weaknesses in the financial system, and (e) weak public administration. It assesses the merits of dollarization by discussing to what extent these problems have been mitigated or solved. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 1 provides an historical overview of the important events surrounding Ecuador?s exchange rate policy, beginning with the adoption and management of the floating rate in early 1990s, leading up to dollarization in the year 2000, and highlighting the state of affairs in the country since then; Section 2 describes the process by which Ecuador implemented dollarization; Section 3 provides an analysis of the pros and cons of dollarization in Ecuador; Section 4 discusses whether Ecuador really had any choice but to dollarize, given the option of adopting a currency board instead; and in Section 5, the writer provides some concluding comments.
From the Paper
"Ecuador is one of the 15 countries in the world today that uses the U.S. dollar as its official domestic currency and legal tender . The case of Ecuador?s dollarization is unique for two reasons; first, this is by far the largest country to fully dollarize its economy, and second, the purpose of dollarization was not to reap the benefits of a regional or trade-based currency union, but to provide quick stabilization to a volatile macroeconomic environment. The Ecuadorian sucre experienced several different exchange rate systems on the road to dollarization, including a fixed exchange rate regime during the seventies, an unwieldy floating rate system in the late eighties and early nineties featuring four different exchange rates simultaneously in operation, a unified and managed floating rate mechanism subject to a crawling peg band for most of the nineties, and finally, a free float in 1999. During this period, Ecuador experienced a steady increase in the level of unofficial, spontaneous dollarization, to the extent that the economy was operating in a dual-currency environment. Full, official and formal dollarization was declared in January 2000, at a time when the country was suffering from the worst recession in its independent history, a severe banking crisis, and hyperinflation."
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Ecuador and Dollarization, 2002.
Examines the effect of dollarization on Ecuador's economic stability.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Over the past several years, the country of Ecuador has had its economic problems burgeon into a crisis. This has resulted in the devaluation of its currency, the closing of many schools, a crisis in confidence by both Ecuadorans and people in many other countries, and substantial political upheaval as the government has repeatedly changed hands. The paper shows that the causes for the country?s economic failure are complex and interlinked. It examines one of the most important causes, the country?s exchange rate, as well as the relationship between the country?s economic situation and the dollarization of the economy.
From the Paper
"In devaluing the currency, the government acknowledged that the International Monetary Fund did not entirely approve. The power that the IMF has over many developing nations is substantial and will be examined below. Ecuadoran leaders have struggled for years to remedy the financial problems of their country, but have been unable to make substantial progress in large measure because of the nation?s dependent position in the world trade system."
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Dollarization and the Ecuadorian Economy, 1990.
A look at the impact of dollarization on the economy and society of Ecuador.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This papers deals with the effect of dollarization on the South American country of Ecuador. The author looks at issues such as economics, politics and society and how dollarization may impact these.
From the Paper
"Ecuador, the ?Republic of the Equator? was one of the three countries that emerged from Simon Bolivar?s Gran Colombia in 1830. It is located in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru. It is a very small country, measuring out to be slightly smaller than the State of Nevada. Being as small as it is, Ecuador has the economic and political troubles of a giant."
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Dollarization, 2005.
A review of literature and discussion on dollarization.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper considers ten articles regarding dollarization. It explores the effects of official and unofficial dollarization. The author discusses problems with the de facto dollarization of economies. The paper explains three types of dollarization. The author concludes with a discussion on the political dimensions of dollarization, and other issues.
From the Paper
"Dollarization occurs when a country either formally or informally uses another country's currency rather than its domestic currency as the primary medium of exchange. Informally individual businesses or citizens ..."
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Seigniorage, Inflation and Dollarization, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of seigniorage, focusing on the country of Columbia and its inability to capitalize fully on the benefits of seigniorage.
1,417 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains the concept of seigniorage and outlines the reasons why seigniorage is considered a valuable taxing tool by governments around the world. The paper focuses on Columbia and why Columbia is unable to capitalize fully on the benefits of seigniorage because of the U.S. dollar's impact on the economy in that country.
Table of Contents:
Seigniorage (And Inflation) Explained
Dollarization
Colombia and Seigniorage
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another reason these factors have negatively impacted upon Colombia's ability to profit from Seigniorage is that the peso has not always been the preferred currency among consumers. Because of the difficulties in the Colombian government and economy, and the fact that many U.S. dollars are available as alternate currency, many consumers have favored the dollar over the peso. This has resulted in people utilizing the dollar as a first alternative and the peso as a second in many cases. At a minimum, it has resulted in consumers using dollars as a parallel alternate, thereby "cutting the profits" that the government would make if the peso were the only currency. In effect the Colombian government has lost its monopoly in creating currency."
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Ecuador: Currency and Markets, 2002.
How Ecaudor managed to switch currencies to the US dollar.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page paper studies the currency status of Ecuador that switched to U.S. dollar as its legal tender in January 2000. the dollarization of its currency has posed some problems for this economically fragile state but with new oil reserves and important pacts with multinationals for oil exploration, Ecuador appears to have stabilized its economy to some extent though it still has to go a long way to achieve complete prosperity and economic stability.
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Case Study: Family Dollar Stores, 2005.
This paper describes the Family Dollar stores in which the merchandise rarely costs more than a few dollars.
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the company mission statement, vision, and strategic issues of the Family Dollar stores. The author points out the significance of these new types of merchandisers. The paper considers strategy alternatives and recommendation at Family Dollar stores.
From the Paper
"While so-called big box retailers, such as Best Buy, Home Depot and Wal-Mart, have received much attention in recent years and have in someways changed retailing in the United States, another significant shift has been underway among smaller retailers, who offer general merchandise. These so-called dollar stores offer merchandise that rarely exceeds a few dollars in price on a per-unit level and considerable inroads have been made by companies such as the Cent Store Big Lots and Family Dollar. The strategy behind these ..."
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Decline of a Confident Dollar, 2005.
A discussion about how the American government's fiscal policy is not reflected in the rate that the dollar is declining.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a thorough examination of the causes of the weak U.S. dollar and a discussion of both the pros and cons of the current Bush dollar policy. The paper questions what the dollar policy of the Bush Administration should be. After understanding the effects of the dollar policy, the paper shows that the administration should promote a stable dollar through increased fiscal discipline. This would show the world that the U.S. is not pushing its debt problems on them, eliminating the uncertainty of currency markets. With a stable dollar policy, the U.S. could improve the domestic economy, while no longer economically alienating the rest of the world.
From the Paper
"Former presidents George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Jackson may not have had similar leadership strategies, but each were powerful figures of American history. Their contributions to the development of the United States helped it become the most powerful nation in the world, and today their involvement is acknowledged, as portraits of each grace a form of American currency. Their pictures symbolize American history and, more importantly, power. While the United States continues to hold a central role in global markets, its hegemony is increasingly threatened. The decline in value of the US dollar over the last three years may be symbolic of dwindling American dominance, thus the fall of the dollar is being closely examined. Many countries feel the US lives beyond its means. A weak US dollar helps boost US exports, in effect decreasing trade deficits by allowing the world to buy American debt. The current administration provides meaningless sound bites to the media, proclaiming publicly that it wants a strong currency while quietly allowing the dollar to decline. Other domestic policies seem to promote the idea that America is doing little to promote a strong dollar, such as an expanding defense budget and calls for social security reform. If the US continues to show such disregard for foreign opinion, the results may be devastating."
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Valuation of the Dollar, 2005.
A historical analysis of the valuation of the U.S. dollar.
3,447 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This study examines the historical basis for the valuation of the U.S. dollar, the impact of recent trends and initiatives including but not limited to the euro and an analysis of how these factors will serve to affect the dollar's valuation in the future. This study examines a wide range of international currencies, with an emphasis on the world's leading economies besides the U.S. and EU such as China, Japan, Korea and others, with a particular emphasis on how these currencies have tended to interact with the U.S. dollar over the years. Current theories concerning currency valuation techniques will be provided, and statistical analyses are also carried out where appropriate.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview: International Currency Exchanges
Current Trends and Initiatives
Impact of the Euro on Dollar Valuation
Analysis of Current Trends and Initiatives on Dollar Valuation in the Future
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"According to Michael Artis, Elizabeth Hennessy, and Axel Weber (2000), capital losses can be caused by differential changes in the value of assets and liabilities, primarily exchange rate changes; these changes affect the value of a central bank's foreign exchange reserves. To date, exchange rate changes have only been a major problem for national central banks with very large foreign exchange reserves (i.e., Portugal); however, it might also become a problem for the European Central Bank in the future, whose balance sheet on the asset side will be dominated by the approximately 40 billion euro in foreign exchange reserves it has called up from the national central banks as of the end of 1999 (Artis et al. 208). The strength of the euro compared to the U.S. dollar has been growing in recent months, and economists are of mixed opinions about the impact on the valuation of the dollar as the European Union continues to gain economic momentum as it streamlines it trading practices."
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The Euro vs. the Dollar, 2004.
Explores the effects of the euro on the dollar and the future of both currencies.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at many aspects of the euro vs. the American dollar issue. The paper looks at the strength of the euro in proportion to the dollar, the benefits and disadvantages to both Europe and the U.S. of a strong euro or a strong dollar, and the possible future of both the euro and the American dollar.
From the Paper
"In today?s modern market, two currencies stand out, those of the United States dollar and the Euro. Until recently, the dollar was considered the strongest currency and the default currency for the world (Landler, May 18, 2003). Yet with Euro gaining considerable ground in many countries, the future of both the euro and the dollar is undecided."
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The Dollarizing of Argentina?s Economy, 2002.
An in-depth study of the use of the American Dollar currency to halt the hyperinflation in Argentina.
6,445 words (approx. 25.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth analysis of the ?dollarizing? of Argentina?s economy. It describes the affects of the Convertibility Plan aimed at ending the soaring inflation in the late 80s and reorganizing the national economy. The plan replaced the Argentine peso with the U.S. dollar in the hope of eliminating the peso-dollar exchange-rate risk, lowering interest rates and stimulating economic growth. The author gives a brief overview of the economy of Argentina and its history and describes the continuous protests and national strike since 1996. The paper also looks at the ?social costs? of the economic success in Argentina.
From the Paper
"The ?dollarizing? of Argentina?s economy was the product of the genius of Domingo Cavallo, finance minister of former President Carlos Saul Menem, under a Convertibility Plan aimed at putting the country?s chillingly soaring inflation in the late 80s to a sudden stop (Mark Falcoff) and then saving and re-ordering the economy as a whole. No more Argentinean money to be printed than there were dollars in circulation ? a radical measure, which worked. But it also created more trouble by raising prices above those of the United States and resulted in slow capital inflows and high unemployment rate (17% in 1997) and the consequent overthrow of President Menem after 10 years of rule.
The Convertibility Plan replaced the Argentine peso with the US dollar in the hope of eliminating the peso-dollar exchange-rate risk, lowering interest rates and stimulating economic growth (Hanke & Schuler 1999) The one-on-one rate (1 Argentine peso to US$1) induced currency stability and helped achieve free-market reforms and high growth, but this streak of genius ?proved to be more a manipulation than miracle, because it came the price of selling off national industries, services and resources (Looksmart).? These resources included airlines, telephones, railroads, subways, roads, even the control of the petroleum industry. The Plan stabilized the currency all right, but eventually damaged export trade ?by shoring up the peso? (Looksmart) ?
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The Devaluation of the Dollar, 2007.
A discussion on the the devaluation of the American dollar and its impact on India.
1,548 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States dollar has declined in value in the global economy. The paper examines how this devaluation has caused, and may continue to cause, problems in multiple nations around the world whose economy, at least partially, depends upon the value of United States currency. This paper explores the drop in value of the U.S. dollar, and examines the effects of such a drop on a particular country of interest, that of India. The paper concludes that, for India, the outsourced IT sector and many export industries, such as steel, software, and other goods and services industries, are and will continue to be harmed by the weakened dollar.
From the Paper
"In addition to simple increases in prices for offshore U.S. companies, many of the IT service contracts and other offshore contracts are being redesigned, in an effort to share the burden of a devalued dollar between the U.S. holding company and the outsourced Indian corporation. By raising prices, but locking in those prices for specific time frames, or by giving a low introductory rate for outsourcing, while including formulas for gradual increases, these outsourcing firms can effectively balance the need for U.S. business with the growing concern over the weak dollar (Thibodeau and Hoffman, 2004)."
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Dollar Depreciation, 2003.
A discussion of the arguments for and against depreciating the dollar against other currencies.
3,438 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how dollar depreciation is thought by many to be a good method of increasing output, investment, and employment, while at the same time helping to reduce the current account deficit. It analyzes the effects of a weak dollar on output in merchandising industries as well as in the aggregate, investment, employment, inflation, and the balance of payments. Theoretical models, as well as empirical data, are used to come to the conclusion that depreciating the dollar is harmful to the U.S. economy.
From the Paper
"One argument is that dollar depreciation relative to other currencies will increase output and profits for firms that export goods. The simplest form of this argument states that a weaker dollar will make American exports comparatively cheaper and therefore, foreign consumers will demand more U.S. exports. This increased demand for exports will increase output for American firms. For example, say the dollar depreciates relative to the euro. Where consumers could once buy $1.10 for one euro they can now buy $1.20. "
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The Fall of the U.S. Dollar, 2005.
A look at the effects of the devaluation of the dollar.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the U.S. dollar and the effects of its devaluation. The paper also argues the pros and cons of a weak dollar and examines measures the U.S. government and consumer can take to slow or prevent the the dollar's decline.
From the Paper
"Since the beginning of advanced civilization, trade and economy has revolved around currency. Currency provides a uniform medium for the exchange of goods and services, and facilitates economic activity. As world economies become more and more reliant upon each other, the difference in valuation of national currencies becomes increasingly important in projecting markets. For the purposes of this paper, I will explore why the United States dollar has fallen recently in the context of macroeconomics, and identify the advantages and disadvantages of a "strong" national currency."
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