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The Hammurabi Code, 2008.
Looks at the Hammurabi Code, its context, function, the articles of laws and as a system of justice.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the reign of Hammurabi, King of Babylonia from 1792 to 1750 B.C., is most remarkable for his codification of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups. The author points out that the Hammurabi Code was really a secular code presented in the form of royal edicts or judgments dealing with particular problems and recorded both as specific decisions and as exemplars. The paper describes the code, which regulates economic, social, and political relations with an overall tone of the code is one of justice and responsibility. The author states that the code's stress on legal equity found a central place in the Jewish Torah, the Christian Gospel and the Islamic Koran.
From the Paper
"The Code of Hammurabi reveals a society with a system of strict justice. Penalties for criminal offenses were severe and varied according to the social class of the victim. A crime against a member of the upper class was punished more severely than the same offense against a member of the lower class. Moreover, the principle of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth was fundamental to this system of justice. This meant that punishments should fit the crime."
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Hammurabi?s Code, 2001.
This paper studies Hammurabi's code in Mesopotamian society.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper details Hammurabi?s Code and how it covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. It gives several examples of his laws and quotes them and then analyzes and explains them. It details the historical and social situation in Mesopotamia at the time.
From the Paper
"When interpreting Hammurabi?s Code, one must do so with the full conviction that these laws were created as a response to actions that were taking place in everyday Mesopotamian society. While Hammurabi?s Code was not the first set of laws, his organization and interpretation of previous laws covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. For example, Hammurabi?s law number 53 says ?If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the corn which he has caused to be ruined? (King). From that it can be assumed that there was a problem in Mesopotamian society with abandoned or poorly maintained irrigation ducts. However, to truly gain an understanding of Mesopotamia in the 17th Century BC, one should take a closer look at the penalties rather than the laws themselves."
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Code of Hammurabi, 2008.
This essay compares the present day judicial system with the code of Hammurabi, specifically discussing false allegations and rape.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the code of Hammurabi, which was the first, extant written record of law in human history, designed to govern people in a harsh land, under harsh conditions. Its purpose was that the strong should not harm the weak. With this in mind, and also the strict punishments present in the rest of the code, the law-giver was careful that his judicial system itself did not become a weapon in the hands of the accusers. Unlike our own system of justice, Hammurabi's Code has equally harsh penalties for those who bring false accusations as those who commit crimes. This paper looks at how the present day issue of protecting defendants against prosecutorial misconduct against offenses that are questionable has become an issue in cases of rape. However, as the paper asserts, the punishments meted out to false accusers are not comparable to those suffered by an individual who is convicted of an offense of rape in our society.
From the Paper
"Why not prosecute the woman, given that it is possible to prosecute individuals for bringing about false allegations? Hammurabi's Code specifies only one punishment for all crimes of unfair allegations--death. However, in our society, we have begun to understand that there are different levels of criminal intent and criminal activity. A woman may believe she was raped but although she feels hurt, what she experienced may not meet the legal definition of rape. She may have felt emotionally manipulated or pressured to engage in sexual activity, but for a rape to exist legally, more than a vague sense of discontent must be present. In the Duke case specifically, in direct contradiction to her story, the two DNA tests conducted by the prosecutor's office found no match between any of the three students accused of rape and the accuser ("Duke Lacrosse prosecutor faces ethics complaint," CNN Law Center, 2006)."
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Code of Hammurabi, 2002.
This descriptive paper explains the Code of Hammurabi and the quality of life during the time when it was written and used.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper mentions social inequalities that are institutionalized by the code and reinforced by the application of its laws.
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"Stele With Law Code Of Hammurabi", & "Grave Stele Of Hegeso", 1994.
Describes & compares appearance, nature, & importance of the Babylonian STELE WITH LAW CODE OF HAMMURABI, & Greek GRAVE STELE OF HEGESO. Also provides historical overview civilizations from which the steles emerged.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Two steles from the ancient world are found in the Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi and the Grave Stele of Hegeso, the first in Susa, the second in Athens. A stele is a carved or inscribed stone or pillar used for commemorative purposes. While the term is Greek, the artistic form existed before the Greeks who turned it to their own use, as can be seen in the two works under discussion. The first is a Babylonian relief sculpture, and the second a Greek work. The Babylonian work is the larger of the two, standing at 7 feet 2 inches, while the Greek work is five feet 2 inches high. The two works have similarities in purpose and even form, but the Babylonian work has a secondary importance in that it contains the Code of Hammurabi, one of the most important legal documents of the ancient world.
The first civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India.."
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Code Of Hammurabi, 1999.
Examines the historical significance of this ancient Babylonian ruler and the Code which established and defined social and economic relations.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine the historical importance of the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi, with special reference to the Code of Hammurabi. The research will set forth the historical and cultural context in which the Code emerged and discuss why it remains of decisive importance and relevance to the modern period in general and to the shape of modern Western civilization in particular.
Core postulates of Western culture encourage knowledge of the universe, an impulse toward certainty about the position of people in the universe, and implications of that position. While the cultural divide between Western thought as articulated in and by ancient Greek civilization and the thought and praxis of the ancient civilizations preceding that of Greece seems clear, something approaching a postulate of a knowable cosmos also can be ..."
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Stele of Hammurabi, 2005.
A discussion of the ancient Babylonian stele of Hammurabi and the judicial codes enscribed upon it.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the stele of Hammurabi and discusses the information that surrounds it and how it correlates with today's western society. The paper recounts the general history of the ancient Babylonian king, Hammurabi, paying particular attention to his codes protecting all classes of the Babylonian society, including women and slaves. The paper also addresses the social and judicial structures, many of which are outlined on the stele. The paper concludes that Hammurabi gave to the world not only a set of laws that ruled society and business, but also a tradition of the importance of justice under those laws. The paper includes an appendix, which provides a translation of the enscription on the stele of Hammurabi.
From the Paper
"Hammurabi's Code consists of 44 columns of text, 28 paragraphs, of which contain the actual code. There are 282 laws, possibly more have been rubbed off, that probably amended common Babylonian law rather than define it. The code describes regulations for legal procedure, fixed rates on services performed in most branches of commerce and describes property rights, personal injury, and penalties for false testimony and accusations. The code has no laws regarding religion."
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Globalised Code of Ethics in Law, 2008.
A thesis examining the need for a globalised code of ethics for law.
65,535 words (approx. 262.1 pages), 262 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines whether or not there is a need for a globalised code of ethics for transnational legal practice. The first chapter of the study presents the background of the issues, which includes the globalisation of business and ethics: phases of globalisation and implications for legal ethics and globalisation and the practice of law. The paper then goes on to discuss the methodology of the study and present its conclusions.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter One: Introduction To The Study
Background Of The Problem
Globalisation Of Business And Ethics
Globalisation And The Practice Of Law
An Ethical Code For A Globalised Legal Profession?
Statement Of The Problem
Research Questions
Research Method
Assumptions And Limitations
Description Of Thesis Organisation
Chapter Two: Issues Of Globalisation
Introduction
Global Business Issues And Globalisation Of Law
Evolution Of Globalised Legal Ethics
The Need For Global Ethics: Complexities Across Borders
Privileged Communication
Money Laundering
Publicity
Discrimination
Conflict Of Interest
Confidentiality Of Data
Conclusion
Chapter Three: Legal Ethics And Professionalism
Introduction
Concepts Of Professionalism
Purpose Of Legal Ethics
Professional Self-Regulation
Summary
Chapter Four: Morality And Ethics
Introduction
Ethics And Morality
Ethics And Philosophy
Impacts Of Globalisation On Professional Ethics
Conclusions
Chapter Five: Development Of A Globalised Code Of Ethics
Introduction
Efforts To Develop A Globalised Code Of Ethics
The Iba's Code Of International Legal Ethics
The Aba's Model Rules
The Ccbe's Code Of Conduct
Comparison Of Code Provisions
The General Agreement On Trade In Services
History Of The Gats
Framework Of The Gats
Developments Regarding The Creation Of Disciplines
The Potential Use Of Gats As A Means Of Establishing A Globalised Code Of Ethics
Conclusion
Chapter Six: Framework Of A Globalised Code
Introduction
Problems Attendant Upon The Development
And Promulgation Of A Globalised Code
Disparities In Legal Traditions
Enforcement Issues
Framework Of The Globalised Code
Use Of The Ccbe As The Foundation Of The Code
General Principles And Minimum Standards Of The Globalised Code
The Need For Flexibility
Conclusion
Chapter Seven: Current Trends In Ethics Education And Training
Introduction
Disparate Codes Of Ethics And The Imperatives Of Unification
Opposition To A Universal Ethics Code For The Legal Profession
Ethics Teaching In Law Schools
Resistance To Ethics Teaching
Orientations To Legal Ethics In Law Schools
Legal Education And Professional Education Theory
Contemporary Legal Education
Aclec: Critique Of Legal Ethics Education
The Ethical Challenges To Legal Education Reform
Continued Ethics Training
Conclusion
Chapter Eight: Conclusions And Recommendations
Findings Of The Study
Is A Globalised Code Necessary?
Globalisation
Globalisation And The Practice Of Law
Professionalism And A Globalised Code
Morality And Ethics
The Movement Toward A Globalised Code Of Legal Ethics
Framework Of A Globalised Code
Recommendations
A Globalised Code Is Necessary
How To Achieve The Goal Of A Globalised Code
Legal Ethics Education Reform
The Question Of Ethics Training For Lawyers
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The questionability of the core assumption contained in 'ethics training as sanctions' does not invalidate the proposal itself. The application of a redefined version of the 'ethics training as sanctions,' one which acknowledges that ethic violations are often deliberate and express an innate disregard for the code, can positively contribute to the strengthening of the legal ethics project. As Goodlad (1995) argues, the greater majority of legal practitioners have not benefited from a law education which centralised legal ethics or which integrated the imperatives and components of ethics evaluation and moral judgment and practice into the academic curriculum. Therefore, their ethics development, as contrasted to their academic development, is immature (p. 93). Within the framework of this understanding, the preponderant lack of commitment to the ethics code emanates, not from lack of knowledge but, from lack of understanding. Ethics training is beneficial in this regard insofar as it can create and transmit that understanding, thereby compensating for the legal ethics education deficit (p. 94)."
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The Code Napoleon, 2003.
This paper discusses the Code Napoleon, known as the French Civil Code, and its role in the unification of the revolutionary France and the Empire.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Napoleon firmly believed that Frenchmen needed equality more than liberty; he saw the codification of the laws as a means of giving stability to both the French economy and society. The author states that the Code Napoleon is written in clear and concise language and seeks to strike a balance between Roman and customary law by blending the egalitarian principles of the Revolution in regards to individual rights with the conservative views of Roman law regarding property rights. The paper relates that the Declaration de Saint-Owen guaranteed the retention of Napoleon's Code as the law of France; however, (1) of the countries of the Empire, only the Belgian provinces and the Rhineland retained the civil code completely intact, (2) Holland, Italy and Portugal modeled their national codes upon it and (3) Spain, several South American countries, the State of Louisiana and French Canada would all later adopt large portions of the Napoleonic Code into their own codes.
From the Paper
"Prior to the French Revolution, French law was divided chiefly between two systems: Roman law (which had changed little since the Justinian Code (533 AD)) was paramount in the southern two-fifths of France; and Teutonic Customary law in the northern provinces with the dividing line running generally along the river Loire. Some attributes of customary law existed in the south, and traces of Roman law could be found in the Northern provinces. In the north there were over sixty regional variations of the customary law in existence; in addition to the over three hundred local variations which combined the regional law with the unique local customs of the region. "Voltaire was not exaggerating when he said that in France the traveler changed laws as often as he changed horses.""
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Student Code of Conduct, 2008.
A discussion about university student codes of conduct and whether students comply with these codes.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the student code of conduct on university campuses and looks at how this code is not always respected or upheld by the students attending the universities. The paper then goes on to elaborate on how students do not always comply with the student code of conduct and concludes that a student code of conduct is not enough to ensure proper behavior and conduct on campus. Instead, universities should seek alternative actions to enforce and uphold polices that will ensure that the students are enriched through a "safe" and positive academic experience.
From the Paper
" Another act of violence that is occurring on college campuses is hazing. "Hazing" includes activities such as being kidnapped, abandoned, excessive drinking, sexual acts, assault, and in some circumstances, even death. Hazing continues to be prevalent amongst college students as a form of "initiation" or "admission". Students believe that hazing promotes unity and team cohesiveness. The reality about hazing is that it usually goes on under a blanket of sworn secrecy (Campo, Paulos, Sipple, 2005); which makes this problem one that should not be tolerated. A zero tolerance rule should also be adopted for any violent acts on campus. Campo and her colleagues (2005), describe hazing as any activity that is a "condition of initiation" in an organization that may have a negative impact on the physical and/or emotional well-being of individuals and/or their peers. Hazing has been practiced for years; most commonly identified to athletes, fraternities and sororities."
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Social Work Code of Ethics, 2001.
A synopsis of the development of the ethical code 1.09 in the code of conduct for social workers.
3,700 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the development of a code of ethics with respect to the social work profession. It focuses on the ethical code 1.09 which forbids inappropriate relationships with clients. The paper begins by creating four cases in point to illustrate lack of professionalism within the discipline and studies the development and actualization of ethical code 1.09.
From the Paper
"All four of these stories that I have just told are actually fictional stories, yet these fictional stories are quickly becoming factual stories as the social work profession continues to grow and branch out to new frontiers. Ethics are extremely important in the social work profession, and it is imperative to be informed on each individual ethic. However, I have chosen to focus upon one particular social work ethical standard, which involves the social worker having sexual relationships with clients; that is ethical standard "1.09" (Kirst-Ashman & Hall, 1999, p. 423). I told four separate stories to show the different natures of this ethical standard. Throughout time, these have become four distinct categories classified under this standard, as we will later see throughout the discussion of this ethic".
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Analysis of the AICPA Code of Conduct, 2008.
This paper is an examination of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) code of conduct that members must follow, including elements, importance and impact of the code.
3,517 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the AICPA code of conduct that AICPA members are expected to follow. The writer explores the various elements of that code and analyzes their importance as they pertain to ethics and fraud. The writer also examines the impact of the code on the profession and the pros and cons of suggested solutions.
From the Paper
"The AICPA does not allow any member to disobey or break the local, state, federal laws of the land in conducting the daily business of finance for a client but instead sets additional and narrowly defined boundaries indicating the importance of ethical conduct and confidentiality within the field.
"The AICPA specifically outlines many different ethical considerations and provides the guidelines for the CPA member to follow in the course of his or her daily routines.
Items including whether or not a CPA can publicly disclose the names of clients, or whether the CPA can use information gained during the course of the day to further personal agendas are addressed as well as what to do if a client request that the CPA conduct business in a manner inconsistent with local, state or federal laws.
"The AICPA has worked to address most issues that can come up in the professional setting of a CPA profession and then designed a framework for the CPA member to follow with regard to those situations."
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ASAC Code of Ethics for School Counselors, 2008.
This paper is discusses the ASAC's Code of Ethics for school counselors and reflects on personal ethical dilemmas found with this code.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper acknowledges there are often times when the ASAC Code of Ethics and what is "legally" right comes into conflict with the counselor's personal values. The counselor is sometimes forced to make a decision that goes against his or her personal values. The ASCA's Ethical Standards for School Counselors were adopted by the ASCA Delegate Assembly, March 19,1984, and were revised on March 27, 1992, June 25, 1998 and June 26, 2004. The author anticipates a difference in ethical practice due to a conflict between personal values and ethical practice in the area of certain confidentiality obligations governing disclosures to the court system that are required when the release of confidential information may potentially harm a student or the counseling relationship. This paper discusses and reflects the authors personal ethical dilemma with the ASAC Code of Ethics and how he plans to deal with the conflict.
Outline:
Introduction
Duties as an ASAC Counselor
Confidentiality Obligations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These confidentiality obligations above extend to the circumstances under which a drug abuse program may disclose information about a student's disclosed drug use to the counselor. In this case the disclosure is made only to those individuals within the criminal justice system who have a need for the information in connection with their duty to monitor the patient's progress (e.g., a prosecuting attorney who is withholding charges against the patient, a court granting pretrial or post trial release, probation or parole officers responsible for supervision of the patient). For this disclosure the student must have also signed a written consent that must state the period during which it remains in effect. This period must be reasonable, taking into account both the anticipated length of the treatment and the type of criminal proceeding involved, as well as the need for the information in connection with the final disposition of that proceeding."
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Code Switching, 2008.
An overview of the linguistic concept known as code switching.
3,665 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the term code switching" is actually used to describe those cases wherein a bilingual speaks to another bilingual with the same linguistic background and changes from one language to another in the course of conversation. It provides an overview of the grammar of code switching, some constraints associated with the concept, a description of the quantitative and qualitative differences that affect language acquisition and use, and the code-switching differences between children and adults. A critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to this end is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Grammar of Code Switching
Constraints of Code Switching
Language Acquisition: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Differences
Children vs. Adult Code Switching
Social Factors and Code Switching
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Byram (2000), "Just like words, the voice (the way of pronouncing words and phrases, intonation and rhythm), gestures of various kinds, visual signs, posture, gaze, proxemic positioning and so on contain information which can be captured and used by the interlocutor in an appropriate and efficient manner, irrespective of the language and culture and in spite of certain quantitative and qualitative differences" (p. 446). In this regard, Meisel (2000) suggests that language acquisition studies have much to gain from investigating the simultaneous acquisition of two (or more) "first languages": "By analyzing the development of two linguistic competences in one individual, we may be capable of sorting out more easily to what extent the underlying logic of development is determined by the grammatical system to be acquired, or the particular way of human language processing as opposed to properties of the individual or of the communicative situation. There is, in fact, a steadily increasing amount of research in this area" (p. 344)."
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Ethical Codes of Social Work, 2005.
An analysis of the ethical codes of social work and how these codes benefit social service users.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the major values and ethics of social work . It examines how basic helping and counselling skills are guided by the ethical codes and then discusses the benefits that can be attained for the service user when they are used effectively. Furthermore, the paper outlines what can occur when such codes are not adhered to in the way they should be.
From the Paper
"Moreover, unless such theoretical assumptions are placed at the centre of social work endeavour, it is difficult to envisage how the relationship between the social worker, individual service user and wider community can be successfully forged and maintained. Above all, what these values and ethics show is that the practice of social work is extremely varied and must include a wide and differing collection of factors. This is indeed the case with relationship forging but it could also include less obvious and more complex factors like the ecological social work approach (Watson and West, 2006). Here is it necessary for true harmony to be found between human beings and the wider ecological environment. Doing so is a protracted process, but there is also an inherent danger that social work values and ethics are lost when using such wide ranging criterion for the purposes of social understanding."
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