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Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking, 2008.
A summary and review of "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use", the authors C.F. Lee, Y. Su, and B.P. Hazard
4,419 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques an article about the use of marijuana by American high school seniors, entitled "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use". The paper first explains that the authors of the report see marijuana use as an example of risk-taking behavior, and presume that a reduction in marijuana use would mean that the perception of risk has increased and that this is leading to a lower rate of use. The paper then goes on to summarize the report and explain its findings.
From the Paper
"The authors find that risk perception by itself accounts for about 21% of the variation in risk-taking behavior of marijuana use. Using the four participative orientations - sports, fun, school, and creative - the explained variance of marijuana use was increased to 33%, and all activity orientations except creative significantly affected marijuana use. Sports and school showed relatively small negative effects, while fun activities had a distinctively large and positive effect on marijuana use. The authors also find after analysis that the net effect of risk perception on marijuana use was statistically insignificant. "
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Risk Management and Risk Assessment, 2008.
An analysis of nine websites and their understanding of risk management and assessment.
1,192 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper defines risk management and assessment and discusses their importance to corporations and the public. The paper then focuses on effective risk management tools. It describes three websites and discusses their understanding of risk management. The paper also discusses specific websites that do not display a thorough understanding of risk management and assessment.
From the Paper
"Risk management needs to be understood from a variety of angles. Firstly, risk should be defined for its nature and effect upon not only the company, but also all possible stakeholders. Risk management procedures exist to protect both the workplace, the workforce, or the public. Risk to the corporation is anything endangering the vision, mission and profitability of the company. Secondly, risk to the workforce entails those risks that may result in injury or death to the employee, or that may lead to health or other physical hazards. Employees may also incur risks from non-physical sources such as long work hours or a highly stressful job situation, which could be brought about by a variety of factors. Thirdly, risks can also be posed to the public, in terms of health, safety and financial well-being. A gas company may for example risk the health of the surrounding population by exceeding legally allowed gas emissions."
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Risks and Bank Capital Regulation, 2002.
A study of the main categories of risk-- liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and capital risk and how they can impact the viability of a financial institution.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental objectives of bank management is maximizing shareholder value. To maximize shareholder value, bank managers must address the risk-return trade off inherent in many of their day-to-day financial transactions. This paper examines the different types of risk which fall into four main categories liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and capital risk and shows how crucial they are to maximizing shareholder value. Examples from real life bank figures are used to illustrate examples.
From the Paper
"If a financial institution does not have enough liquid assets, then it is possible that a run on customer withdrawals could not be met. A common scenario in the Great Depression of the 1930?s, an inability to meet withdrawal demand can destroy the reputation of a financial institution. Carrying a disproportionately high liquidity risk has the potential to completely obliterate the good reputation of a financial institution, and ultimately result in the institution closing its doors."
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The Bank of New York - Risk Analysis, 2002.
An essay presented in report form by the bank's risk management team in an attempt to identify and minimize the risks faced by the bank.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the number of risks associated with the banking industry. In an attempt to identify and minimize the various risks associated with the operation of this institution, the Bank of New York uses a Risk Management team. Their main goal is to identify and track the various risks associated with the Bank of New York and offer recommendations as to how to minimize or eliminate them. The paper shows how threats and risks in the banking industry can be divided into the following categories: Market Risk, Credit Risk, Foreign Asset Risk, Competition Risk, Governmental Risk, as well as risks to the physical structure and data systems. This paper discusses these risk areas and the Bank of New York?s plan for minimizing them.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Risk Analysis
Threats/Risks - Market Risk
Credit Risk
Foreign Asset Risk
Governmental Risk
Competition Risk
Analysis
Data Systems
Mitigation/Countermeasures
Information Assurance Policies
Disaster Recovery Policies
Summary
From the Paper
"The World Trade tower attack in September of 2001 prompted the Bank of New York to re-evaluate and amend its disaster recovery policies. At the time of the disaster, the Bank had over 8,300 employees located in four lower Manhattan facilities who were evacuated in a matter of hours. The recovery plan was immediately implemented, and they temporarily relocated headquarters to midtown Manhattan. By that evening, they had relocated operating departments to five existing contingency sites in New Jersey, New York State, and Connecticut. Staff was reassigned to alternate sites as specified in disaster recovery plans while systems were restored at backup sites over the course of the following days. Well-executed contingency plans led to quick recovery of many businesses, including ADR, BNY Clearing, Core Custody, Brokerage, European Transfer Agency, Foreign Currency Transfer, Fund Accounting and Administration, Investment Management, Performance Measurement, Retail Fund Administration and Securities Lending (BNY annual report, 2001)."
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The Philosophy of the United Nations, 2004.
Discusses the ineffectiveness of the United Nations and its anti-American philosophy.
4,358 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the United Nation's need to change or risk being a useless organization. It looks at how the basic philosophy of the United Nations is anti-American and how the United Nations is biased toward the countries that are anti-communist. In addition, the link between rogue states, terrorism, and terrorist leaders with the United Nations is discussed, showing that the United Nations supports terrorists in some ways. The fact that the United Nations has failed to prevent and has provoked more than one hundred wars throughout the world since its inception is also shown in the report. This report also looks at the United Nations charter and how it misleads one to believe that it is advocating peace when, in fact, it is a blueprint for war. A final subject examined by this report is the different actions that can be taken to improve the idea of the United Nations, as well as the organization as a whole.
The UN Was Founded by Communists
The UN?s Basic Anti-American Philosophy
All General Secretaries of the UN Have Been Socialist One-Worlders
The United Nations Supports Terrorists
The United Nations Does Not Settle Disputes
The United Nations is Really a War Organization
Proposal
Changing from the Charter Up
Reforming the Security Council
Noble Efforts, Futile Actions
A United Nations to Serve ALL not ONE
End Terrorist Ties
From the Paper
"Here is a trivia question. Are the following events promoting peace and freedom? The year is 1961 in Belgium?s former colony in Africa known as the Belgian Congo. Belgium had granted independence to its colony. A Moscow-trained communist named Patrice Lumumba Gained control of the newly formed government. Lumumba and his communist allies immediately began a brutal consolidation of power. In response, Moise Tshombe, the pro-Western, anti-communist black leader of the Congo?s province of Katanga, seceded and declared his region an independent nation."
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Risk Monitoring and Tracking, 2005.
This paper discusses risk monitoring and tracking as part of risk management, especially for software project management.
4,000 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary objective of risk management, a proactive measure also used in software risk management, is to provide insights to support informed decision-making by identifying, monitoring, evaluating and estimating various risks which might effect a project and then planning, tracking and controlling the process to eliminate or diminish the likelihood of these risks. The author points out that risk monitoring, an ongoing activity throughout the whole project, is the process of observing, supervising or controlling the activities of other tasks to assess the likelihood of a hazard and the impact that hazard might cause or has caused. The paper relates that risk tracking is a process which identifies both the status of the mitigation actions against the action plan and effectiveness of the mitigation itself, to evaluate a mark or succession of marks left by something that has been completed thereby focusing management's attention of high-risk, high leverage and critical success factors rather than swapping management reviews with lots of low-priority details. Chart and table included.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Risk Management
The Concept of Positive Risk
Risk Monitoring
Risk Tracking
Issues with Risk Monitoring and Tracking
Risk Monitoring and Tracking Tools
Comparative Analysis
Tips and Comments
Contingency vs. Backup Plans
Communication
Take a Look Back
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As a project manager, it is important to make sure that risk monitoring/identification leads to real action. Use risk monitoring/identification techniques to ensure that the teams are constantly identifying and mitigating risks. Risk management is a very sensitive issue, since it can have a negative impact on a project/work of many team members. It is human nature to try to avoid discussing problems making it difficult to motive the teams to be conscious of the risks. The same is true for monitoring of risks in the risk identification stage. Risks are never considered as positive, and no one really wants to do be the bearer of bad news...therefore as a project manager it is important to shift the team-culture so that risk identification can be looked upon as positive."
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Cross-Border Risks and Capital Allocation Decisions, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to study the international management of cross-border risks and capital allocation decisions in a high risk environment.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, besides the risks inherent in domestic operations, banks, which are engaged in international activities also are exposed to "country risk," or the risk that economic, social and political conditions and events in a foreign country will adversely affect an institution's financial interests. The author points out that, from a practical perspective, accurate and timely country risk assessment is important not only because it affects individual investors but also because it can be systemic; one of the primary purposes of financial regulation is to manage systemic risk. The paper states that the research will be done using a case study methodology to study various country risk/cross border risk management models adopted by a sample of international banks and to assess their robustness and how well they are associated with a framework of planned management actions and capital allocation decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of Study
Purpose of Study
Key Term Definitions
Capital Allocation Decision
Country Risk Ratings
Risk
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Current and Future Trends
The Countries' Performance in International Trade
Leverage
Various measures of liquidity
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"A significant amount of cross-border lending takes place through offices in a bank's home country (or even one of its subsidiaries located in a third country), with no subsidiary (or even branch presence) located in the country in which the borrowing firm is headquartered. Retail banking requires a physical presence of some sort to provide points of contact with customers; by contrast, wholesale banking requires a much smaller investment. "For example, banks with no physical presence in a country can lend substantial volumes of funds to firms and governmental entities of that country through project finance and loan participations." The composition of borrowers will differ, though, depending on whether a foreign bank has a physical presence in a country or manages its loans from offshore locations."
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Country Risk and Strategic Planning, 2007.
A comprehensive analysis of the economic, political and legal risks for Motorola if it invests in Italy.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses risks that may exist for businesses when investing in certain countries. In particular, the paper presents a comprehensive risk analysis were Motorola to invest in Italy. The analysis includes the benefits to be derived from the region, as well as the potential economic, political and legal risks associated with investing in Italy. The paper then discusses plans for managing or mitigating the risks.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis
Political, Legal, and Regulatory Risks
Exchange and Repatriation of Funds Risks
Competitive Risk
Taxation and Double Taxation Risks
Market Risks
Distribution and Supply Chain Risks
Social and Cultural Risk
Technology
Physical Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Communication is defined as sending and receiving messages with attached meanings (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2005, p. 17). Motorola is an organization that has employees all around the world. In addition, many employees work in the field and are rarely around a facility to receive information. As the company changes and installs new procedures or methods involved with logistics within a job, an individual working in the field needs to know the changes as quickly as an individual working at the Motorola headquarters. In Italy, Motorola must continue demonstrating a high-level of ethics. Additionally, the organization must landscape business goals to match the demographics of the country."
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Business Risk, 2007.
This paper discusses business risk by using the example of the Synergy Shoes company in Brazil.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that business risk is defined as the risk associated with the unique circumstances of a particular company that might affect the price of that company's securities. The author points out that managing the foreign exchange risks will involve knowing the foreign exchange rates and knowing when to trade. The paper relates that supply chain risk refers to an uncertainty or unpredictable event affecting one or more of the parties within the supply chain or its business setting, which can negatively influence the achievement of business objectives. The author underscores that companies need appropriate controls and strategies to manage the various risks involved with the implementation of the business so that it can remain profitable.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Political Risks
Exchange and Repatriation Risks
Supply Chain Risks
E-business Risks
Market Risks
The Legal Environment
The Tax System
Trade Barriers and Support
From the Paper
"Two initiatives were implemented in 2002 in areas that affect fundamental Brazil national interests are noteworthy examples of the negative a trend. The first was the enactment the 2002 Farm Bill, which became the Farm Act of 2002. The second was the application of safeguard measures in the steel industry. Another highly significant development was approval by the U.S. Congress of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), which was previously known as "Fast Track". The TPA allows the President of the United States to negotiate and reach trade agreements, which is a constitutional prerogative of U.S. Congress."
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Interest Rate Risk Management, 2008.
An analysis of interest rate risk management as a tool for understanding how organizations approach risk management.
1,324 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview and analysis of interest rate risk (IRR)management using the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's (2004) Economic Letter. It looks at IRR management as a tool for understanding how organizations approach risk management and why risk management and interest rate is so important to a financial institution's ability to conduct business. The paper also reviews the impact of global policies and regulatory procedures on interest risk management and ascertains whether such measures are possible and whether such measures would prove beneficial for banks and other financial institutions throughout the world.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Interest Rate Risk
Mitigating Interest Rate Risk
Universal Guidelines for Risk Management
Efficacy and Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper
"While there is no way to control economic upswings or downturns in many cases, banks can do much to help protect their assets and limit interest rate risk through proper management. This can be accomplished through global and regional guidelines, and even guidelines established within specific banking institutions. Oversight by a board of directors and senior management team, combined with the approval of the public, may result in greater efficiency and better universal management of risk. Most banks have the resources to adopt a policy such as this with minimal investment of time. In the interests of reducing interest rate risk, most banks should at the very least attempt the policies and procedures offered in this analysis, and assess what if any positive changes result."
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Risk Perception and Dangers, 2005.
This paper discusses risk perception and assessment using the dangers of lead in children as an example of risk management.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that risk perception examines the opinions of people when asked to evaluate hazardous activities, substances and technologies, which helps policy-makers by improving communication between them and the public, by directing educational effort and by predicting public responses to new technologies, events and new risk management strategies. The author points out that the fields that have the most important influence in evaluating risk perception are (1) geography because of the recent broadening of focus on technological hazards, (2) sociology and anthropology because risk perception is influenced by friends, family and co-workers, and (3) psychology because of the use of psycho-physical scaling and multivariate analysis techniques to produce quantitative representations or'cognitive maps' of risk attitudes and perceptions, which demonstrate that every hazard has a unique pattern of qualities related to its perceived risk. The paper states that, for the last 30 years, instead of asking how to prevent lead poisoning, the medical community has taken a risk assessment approach, asking, "How much lead is safe for industry to put into children?"
From the Paper
"The present 'risk balance' situation also does not appear to differentiate between different sorts of risk. For example, a one in 1000 risk imposed on someone is different to a one in 1000 risk accepted by someone. It is often the case that the risk from using a chemical, say, is borne by the population as a whole, whereas the benefits accrue only to a minority. This is inequitable, and a new focus in risk - allowing a product on the market only if it passes a criterion of 'social need' for example, would ensure that inequitable distributions of costs and benefits were reduced."
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Risks, 2002.
Examines various degrees of risk-taking among people.
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that risk-taking is something common in all of us, but the degree to which it actually motivates us, may vary from person to person. The paper explains that people take risks for different reasons: Sometimes we are simply motivated by thrill of the unknown attached with risk-taking, sometimes we take a chance just to appear different and non-conforming and yet at other times we take risks because we just have to. The paper thus divides risks into three broad categories: Responsible, calculated risks; Risks for fun and irresponsible, harmful risks.
From the Paper
"A study conducted by Beaty et al. (1996) explored the experiences of 23 female risk-takers in a city jail and discovered much to their chagrin that, ?Maintaining sexual relationships with men and obtaining drugs were higher priorities for most women than protection against HIV disease.? (Beaty et al., 1996) No wonder these women ended up in prison. Men and women, who lead a high-risk life where they frequently take negative irresponsible chances, end up ruining their lives. In our intimate relationships, we may often go for unprotected sex either to experience the thrill of it or simply because we are afraid to ask our partner to use condoms. Women in Beaty study are good examples of negative risk-taking and its disastrous consequences. Upon exploration of their sex life, it was discovered that these women were using sex as a tool to maintain intimate connection with their partner."
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FedEx Risk Assessment, 2007.
A discussion of the risk assessment performed by FedEx to determine what types of risks the company may face.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the risk assessment performed by FedEx, which measures the amount of risks that could impact the company. The paper also looks at how this process helps the organization identify risks and ways of treating them before a major disaster occurs. The paper explains that FedEx is committed to protecting its reputation and organization by implementing risk strategies that would possibly reduce risk and potential impacts that are related to disasters and other major threats. The paper also discusses how the company established an effective recovery capability to help re-initiate critical, core business processes following a significant, unplanned interruption of normal processing. The paper further points out that these strategies were implemented to help guard against unacceptable financial and operational impacts caused by unidentified risk and threats.
From the Paper
"FedEx currently has many major facilities and stations around the world, with this FedEx is vulnerable to all kinds of risks. The company has hundreds of cargo and commercial airlines that are potential targets for bomb threats or terrorism attacks. Many of the company's critical facilities are located near water, and if a natural disaster like a hurricane strike, it could cause severe damage to the operations. Other potential impacts and threats the company could face are security issues, earthquakes, storms, bomb threats, and terrorism.
There are many potential risks and impacts FedEx could face that may leave the organization in a chaotic state. Nearly 60% of disasters usually come from non-catastrophic events. The company's airline fleet and hub locations at airports are targets for potential bomb and terrorist threats."
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Ford Motor Company: Risk Assessment, 2007.
This paper discusses risk assessment for the Ford Motor Company.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer explains that given the highly confidential nature of the content management, pricing, product, service and distribution data delivered to Ford Motor Company locations and the applications for order status, online ordering and quoting being central to the structure of the company, there are many business and security risks of propagating these tools to their dealers. The writer notes that security risks, internal risks of embezzlement and fraud, risks of valuable pricing and volume data being comprised, and the risks of a natural disaster all must specifically be planned for in any risk assessment. The writer concludes that managing risk by focusing on the value of assets and the need to protect core intellectual properties is a core requirement for Ford going forward.
Outline:
Ford Motor Company Risk Assessment
Ford's Need For A Risk Management Plan
References
From the Paper
"First with security risks the impact could be in the range of between $20M to $100M per dealer being fired, as this is the typical dealer backlog in each region. Coupling this with the risks of embezzled and misdirected funds due to lower morale, and the costs could easily go into the hundreds of millions of dollars. The risks of firing dealers and have them sell their pipelines to competing dealers or take the pipeline and redirect them to new car models is significant."
"Take just fleet sales for example. This could be a major risk of redirected sales pipelines and "sold" pipeline lines to other dealers that for a large dealer in a major metro market say for example Los Angeles, could amount to over 50,000 vehicles a year."
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Modeling Interest Rate Risk Management, 2008.
Presents a complete research project, which presents a new tool to manage the global interest rate risk using the case of Credit Foncier de Monaco.
11,815 words (approx. 47.3 pages), 79 sources, APA, $ 229.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the goal of its thesis is to conceive a model to manage the global interest rate risk of the commercial portfolio in order to determine the optimal structure of the new production and to test the tool on the Credit Foncier de Monaco, private banking and subsidiary of Calyon, which is obviously the investment banking of Credit Agricole. The paper's thesis is divided into two main sections: the theoretical modeling and the empirical application.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Theoretical Modeling
Identification
Interest Rate
Nominal vs. Real Rate
Fixed vs. Variable Interest Rate
Short-Term vs Long-Term Rates
Spot vs. Forward Rates
Term Structure of Interests
Theories
Methods
Deterministic and Stochastic Models
Sources of Interest Rate Risk
Repricing or Maturity Mismatch Risk
Basis or Bid-Ask Spread Risk
Yield Curve Risk
Options Risk
Interest Rate Exposure
Net and Gross Positions
Balance-Sheet & Gap
Profit and Loss Statement and Spread
Factors
Measurement
Volume
Instantaneous Gaps
Generalized Gaps
Indexed Gaps
Simulated Gaps
Value
Duration
Convexity
Market
Margin
Sensitivity
Modified Duration and Relative Convexity
Money Markets Rates
Management
Hedging And Speculation
Micro or Macro Hedging
Systematic or Selective Hedging
Partial and Total Speculation
Hedging Risk and Opportunity Cost
Passive and Active Hedging
Passive Hedging or Beta Management
Active Hedging or Alpha Management
Instruments
Spot
Forward And Future
Fra And Swaps
Options
Modeling
Utility
Structure
Utility Function
Constraints
Regulation
Commercial
Model
Objective Function
Efficient Portfolio
Optimal Portfolio
Empirical Application
Presentation
Cfm
Treasury
Asset-Liability Management (Alm) Committee
Adaptation
Structure
Constraints
Rates
Simulation
Leverage
Regulatory Constraints
Variance-Covariance Matrix
Utility
Variances
Conclusion
Glossary
Appendix: Balance-Sheet + Profit & Loss Statement
Appendix: Balance-Sheets by Currency, Maturity and Interest Rate
Appendix: Gaps
Appendix: Correlation and Variance-Covariance Matrix
Appendix: Weightings and Balance-Sheets in March 2008
Appendix: Coefficients of Variation
Appendix: Objective Function for Different Aversions to Risk
From the Paper
"Taking into account the stock and constraints, the model determines the optimal allocation of the production for different scenarios of rates level, rates volatility and risk aversion degrees. The bank hedges against the interest rate risk by optimally adjusting its production.
"The optimal portfolio is the tangent point between the efficient frontier and the indifferent curve. It is obtained by equalizing the marginal rate of transformation (MRT) to the risk to return, which is the slope of the efficient frontier, and the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) to the risk to return, which is the slope of the objective function."
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