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Qualitative Research Methods, 2007.
A comparison of the methods used in quantitative versus qualitative research.
1,846 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes qualitative research methods and compares it to the methods used in quantitative research. The paper specifically focuses on two articles which discuss food safety and correct handling procedures - "Food-Handlers' Beliefs and Self-Reported Practices" by D.A. Clayton, C.J. Griffith, P. Price and A.C. Peters and "Factors Impacting Food Workers' and Managers' Safe Food Preparation Practices: A Qualitative Study", by L.R. Green and C. Selman. This paper compares the methods used in each articles and discusses what makes one quantitative and one qualitative in its methods.
From the Paper
"Qualitative research has grown somewhat in the last several years, as new ideas have been tried and expanded upon (Wolcott, 1995). This is significant for many individuals that are working on research projects today, because qualitative research has become much more widely used and also much more widely respected than it was in the past. Social science areas of research have used and respected qualitative methods for some time, but it has not been that long ago that other areas of research started becoming more involved with the qualitative method as well (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000). The quantitative method is still very necessary for many of the areas of research that are seen today, as statistics are necessary, but the move toward more qualitative areas of research is significant and worth noting (Wolcott, 1995; Flyvbjerg, 2006; Denzin & Lincoln, 2000)."
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Qualitative Research Methods, 2008.
This paper explores the criteria of reliability and validity in qualitative research and specifically in the field of human relations.
1,799 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the criteria of reliability and validity and explains why qualitative research makes it difficult to determine reliability and validity in very specific terms. The paper addresses the problems of subjectivity and standards set for the study. The paper concludes that the qualitative researcher needs to have the creative ability to describe the study of humanity in such a way that satisfies both the requirements of the study itself, as well as the requirements of validity and reliability in the academic world.
Outline:
Reliability
Validity
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
From the Paper
"When conducting research, it is important to consider a number of elements. In order to be accepted in the academic world, for example, certain criteria need to be met. Two very important elements in these criteria of acceptability include reliability and validity of the research methods. It is also important to note that reliability and validity issues do not manifest themselves in the same way in different types of research. Quantitive research would for example have different criteria of measurement than qualitative research methods, and would therefore also rely on different measures of reliability and validity. Because Human Relations is an aspect of the Humanities rather than a more specific science such as Statistics, it may be more complicated to determine the reliability and validity of the research methods used."
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Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 2001.
Compares & contrasts the 2 methods in 3 basic areas: epistemological foundations, data collection & data analysis methods.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
This paper compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods in three basic areas. These are: epistemological foundations, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. The paper ends with a brief summary of the primary points made.
Comparison
Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) discuss several similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. With respect to similarities, both kinds of research formulate epistemological positions regarding the nature of causation and reality and both comprise a set of methods for designing research, collecting data, analyzing data, and..."
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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methods, 2005.
A report on both qualitative and quantitative research methods, their potential problems and limitations as well as their advantages.
6,229 words (approx. 24.9 pages), 35 sources, APA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This report looks at research methods including the debate between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies and relates these methodologies to the healthcare field in terms of providing cost effective solutions to healthcare problems like Medicare and other problems.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Paradigms and Theoretical Underpinnings
Mixed Methods Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first paradigm considered is logical positivism. This paradigm can roughly be equated as mentioned above with the quantitative approach to research methodology. It is a kind of research that comes from the theory that science is capable of providing definitive and objective statements regarding the proving or disproving of hypotheses, based on proof and deduction as well as statistics and mathematical reasoning. The theoretical underpinnings of logical positivism go back to the early twentieth century reliance on science and mathematical progress to solve the problems of the world, in healthcare and other environments. And logical positivism is still very strong in healthcare research, in terms of clinical trials and new drugs. But it is not as popular in the areas of healthcare the include improving cost effectiveness in government programs, because politics and science don't traditionally tend to travel too closely."
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Qualitative Research, 2008.
A review and comparison of the various qualitative methods of research and their mode of application.
1,196 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper defines "qualitative research" and states that qualitative research methods were developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena. The paper gives examples of qualitative methods and states that the data is usually obtained via interviews and questionnaires etc. The paper explains the differences between qualitative analysis and quantitative inquiry and does a comparison between them. The paper concludes that the varying methods of research have differing degrees of viability and value for the researcher.
From the Paper
" A qualitative method that is more concerned with the larger context is the ethnographic method. This method attempts to view the individual within the context of the whole social and cultural environment. Ethnography research initially originated from social and cultural anthropology. Ethnographers usually spend a great amount of time in the field and "... immerse themselves in the lives of the people they study and seek to place the phenomena studied in their social and cultural context" (Myers M. D.). Ethnography is also described as a method of qualitative analysis "... whereby multiple perspectives can be incorporated..." into the design of any analysis. (Myers M. D.) In essence this method begins with the study of culture rather than the individual."
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Qualitative Interviewing, 2004.
A survey of issues surrounding qualitative interviewing as a method in policy evaluation.
1,856 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper describes qualitative interviewing as a research method. The paper presents major issues raised by various authors, researchers and practitioners on the use of qualitative interviewing as a method in policy evaluation. The paper examines whether qualitative interviewing is ideal for policy evaluation.
Outline
Overview
The Qualitative Interview Method
Scientific Inquiry and Qualitative Interviewing
Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Interviewing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On account of the above, features of qualitative interviews differ from the survey interviews usually used in quantitative research. A qualitative interview is a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the interviewee about a specific topic (Rubin and Rubin, p. 4). Unlike surveys, the questions in a qualitative interview are not standardized, even if a researcher conducts multiple interviews on the same topic. The qualitative interviewer uses open-ended, unstructured or semi-structured questions to elicit in-depth, detailed information from the interviewee. The interviewer has the flexibility to pursue unanticipated lines of inquiry."
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Qualitative and Quantitative Education, 2002.
A study on the merits of qualitative and quantitative methods of research in education.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This study will critically evaluate how the educational process can be researched using the common qualitative and quantitative methods available in today's world. By showing how each can compliment each other, we can learn just how the use of statistics and numerical calculations, as well as behavioral and phenomenological studies can help, as a whole determine educational standards. With the different methods, which are very numerous at hand, we learn just how some of the research processes can bring about a clear understanding on how these options work in gathering data in education. Perhaps with a good idea of how these forms of research work together, we can learn the merits of these formal information-gathering methods that prove so well founded.
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Components of Qualitative Research, 2005.
Provides the definition and examination of qualitative research design, approaches, classifications, methods, strategies, techniques for collecting and analyzing data and criteria for judging the research study.
2,980 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Qualitative research often implies multiple methodologies. In qualitative research the emphasis is more on veritable generalization of confidently established causal relationships from an examined group to a wider population. This paper defines and examines qualitative research design and other issues regarding research study.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Definition
Classification of Qualitative Research
Methods of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Strategies, Processes and Approaches
Techniques for Collecting and Analyzing Data
Criteria for Judging Qualitative Research
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Historically originating in the field of cultural anthropology (Vidich and Lyman, 1994), ethnographic approaches to social research have been applied in numerous fields: social and cultural anthropology, sociology, human geography, organization studies, educational research, and cultural studies. Ethnography and participant observation can be understood as the description of some group's culture from the group's perspective. One can identify different levels of involvement in participant observation: (1) complete observer; (2) observer as participant; (3) participant as observer; and (4) complete participant (Atkinson and Hammersly, 1994, p. 248)."
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Qualitative Research, 2007.
This paper explores methods of qualitative research.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that qualitative research offers the possibility of formulating certain assumptions that can be validated through quantitative research. The paper examines focus group research, in-depth interviewing, participant observation and triangulation. The paper explains why qualitative research has several advantages over the quantitative method of research.
From the Paper
"One of the most important qualitative information sources is the focus group research method. The focus group interview was used for the first time in the 1930s by Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton, who used it in World War II. The focus group represents a free discussion between an independent moderator and a small group of people (6 - 10 people), invited for this purpose. The discussion, which is focused on a well determined issue, may last between two and five hours and is recorded both audio and video, in order to identify the speaker and also to observe people's different reactions when certain opinions are being expressed. The interviewed people must have a series of common demographic traits (age, gender, occupation), as well as a high degree of homogeneity related to the discussion's main issue."
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 2007.
This paper examines the differences between qualitative and quantitative research and their respective purposes.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how there are varying ideas regarding the definitions of qualitative and quantitative research and their applications in research. The paper explains that qualitative research methods are those generally placed under the heading of ethnography, while quantitative research falls under the category of empirical or statistical studies. The paper discusses how when deciding what is the best method of research, the researcher must first determine which method best suits his or her research. The paper concludes that both methods are necessary in research and the interpretation of data in order to ensure that all aspects have been researched properly.
From the Paper
"Researchers have reported qualitative and quantitative research have philosophical roots in the naturalistic and the positivistic philosophies, respectively. Practically all qualitative researchers, regardless of their theoretical differences, reflect some sort of individual phenomenological point of view. Most quantitative research approaches, despite the consequences of their theoretical differences, tend to highlight that there is a common reality on which people can concur. The dispute between qualitative and quantitative researchers is based upon the differences in assumptions about what reality is and whether or not it is measurable. The debate further rests on differences of opinion about how one can best identify with what we "know," whether through objective or subjective methods."
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 2004.
This paper discusses qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper defines qualitative methods and quantitative methods. The author differentiates their uses. The paper assesses their suitability for use in human relations studies.
From the Paper
"Research data may be evaluated through the application of either quantitative or qualitative analytical procedures. Quantitative approaches are more easily defined than are qualitative procedures because qualitative research may refer to either the way data are measured or the way such data are evaluated. A quantitative variable is one than can be measured numerically such as annual income. Quantitative data are produced by ordinal interval and ratio scales; while qualitative data are produced by nominal scales. Quantitative data ..."
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Cardiac Therapy Adherence, 2005.
This paper reviews the qualitative research method used by K.K. Baird and L.L. Pierce as reported in their article 'Adherence to Cardiac Therapy for Men with Coronary Artery Disease' in "Rehabilitation Nursing".
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of the reviewed study was to find out why these men with coronary artery disease were not taking care of themselves so that new and better ways can be found for these people. The author reports that the qualitative method consisted of one hour interviews with five informants that were involved in a cardiac therapy program. The paper states that the qualitative method is far more appropriate for this type of study than the quantitative method would have been and the researchers used bracketing to shield the data that they collected and analyzed from their own preconceived ideas, which could have greatly affected the results of the study; however, one possible limitations is that the study sample was not large enough.
From the Paper
"The way that the subjects for this study were obtained was very appropriate, since they were all older men between 60 and 70 years old that were involved in a cardiac therapy program as a result of CAD. They had all been diagnosed within the past two years, and they were willing participants. The sample size was also adequate. Although the study could have certainly been conducted with more individuals, the fact that there were only five patients interviewed allowed the researchers to have a lot of time with each person. This helped the patients feel that they could actually talk about what they needed and wanted, as well as what they had difficulty with."
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Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research, 2004.
A comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative research designs.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the quantitative and qualitative designs should be adopted based on the design's appropriateness to the problem of the study. The paper explains how the dichotomy and differences between the qualitative and quantitative research designs led to the emergence of specific perceptions about each design. The paper contends that quantitative research is considered more scientific than qualitative, while the latter is considered more in-depth in acquiring information than the former. The paper states that while they differ in methodology and analysis, quantitative and qualitative research designs actually present two facets of a social phenomenon or action.
From the Paper
"In the conduct of sociological research, the qualitative and quantitative research designs remain the predominant structures in which scientific studies on social phenomena are discovered, analyzed, and interpreted. However, the emergence of quantitative research design prior to the development of the qualitative design created a dichotomy in the field of social science research, wherein preferences for each research design emerged. This dichotomy had been the central focus of discussions and debates about social science research: quantitative research is commonly associated with rigid scientific methodology and analysis, while qualitative research is considered more intrusive and less rigid in terms of data collection and analysis."
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Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies, 2006.
An assessment of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in research.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper critically assesses two differing research methodologies; quantitative and qualitative as both form an important part of sociological examination although fundamental differences exist between them. The paper provides an outline of each method and the manner in which it is employed followed by an examination of the inherent differences between the two methodologies. The paper concludes with an assessment as to what advantages can be attained when the two opposite approaches are used in conjunction with one another.
From the Paper
"Therefore, from such a basis it is possible to see how the two different methods employ differing criteria when examining social phenomena. Quantitative methodology relies heavily on measurable scientific data (Phillips, 1976; p. 102). As such, wide ranging data collection is a consistent feature of the quantitative approach. This would include data collection methods such as surveys and questionnaires. Interviews could also play an important role in quantitative research but such interviews would be heavily structured. A clear and unambiguous structure is vital to the methodology employed so that clearly definable scientific results can be offered. Given this, the quantitative approach requires as a prerequisite that the individual researcher or interviewer adopts an impartial and detached stance toward the research. (Bailey 1994; p. 136). Becoming heavily and directly involved in the research process could impact on the mathematical result and therefore negatively affect the reliability of the data."
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Qualitative Research, 2005.
A brief explanation of the nature of a qualitative research report.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on research that is deemed qualitative in design and explains how qualitative research reports are brought to fruition. The components of the qualitative research report are presented in the paper along with a brief description for each component.
From the Paper
"To assist the reader in better understanding the nature of a qualitative research report the following guideline is offered for easy report formulation and writing. Before presenting an outline describing the components of an effective qualitative research report the reader is advised to remember that the quality of a qualitative research report is deeply embedded in the notion that qualitative research report writing is an ongoing learning process and very much a social act for reader and writer (Ely, Vinz, Anzul & Downing, M. 1997). As such the qualitative research report must, at all times, be an above adequate research report that effective explains the phenomenon being researched as well as to persuade the reader as to research efficacy and results. "
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