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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, 2007.
An examination of racial prejudices and racial bias in the criminal justice system in Canada and the reasons for this practice.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether Black people are mistreated by the criminal justice system in Canada and if they face discrimination from both the police and the courts. It discusses the failure of the criminal justice system to provide appropriate services to people of minority groups. The paper specifically looks at the over-representation of black people in the criminal justice system. It then attempts to analyze some of the reasons how and why Black citizens are targeted by the criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background on Black Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Possible Reasons Behind The Black Over-representation Trend
Arguments Against Criminal Justice System Racial Bias
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is difficult to know how to respond to racial prejudices in the criminal justice system, as the overrepresentation of black citizens is imbedded in socioeconomic factors which cannot be explained by discriminatory practices implicit in the criminal justice system. The most obvious solution to the problem is to have separate justice systems for people of Aboriginal descent, where most of the problems of racial discrimination in Canada lie. However, would not the existence of different courts of law for different ethnicities further encourage racial stratification in society? The solution is not an easy one, and much more research must be done on the topic before an answer is forthcoming. A number of factors must be explored before a solution is implemented, such as what the current statistics revolving around discrimination studies mean, the relationship between social and economic factors and the criminal justice system, and the impact of developing stratification between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal citizens (La Prairie, 2004, p. 277). "
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Racial Bias in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2008.
An analysis of the existence of racial bias and its impact on the outcome of cases in the United States criminal justice system.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racial bias in the United States criminal justice system. It specifically questions whether the race of an individual suspected of a crime impacts his or her experience and the outcome in the criminal justice system. The paper discusses the history of related laws in the United States and discusses skin color ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the U.S. Criminal Justice System...
Challenging Past and Contemporary Contentions
Research Purports
Confessions
Skin Color Ethics
Countering the Cycling Racial Bias Challenge
From the Paper
"Federal sentencing guidelines sternly constrain judges' discretion for determining whether an individual being charged will be sentenced to prison or receive probation. Guidelines are also currently in place to "guide" a judge in allocating the length of the sentence. Guidelines, albeit only contain minimal restrictions on the judges' and prosecutors' abilities to reduce sentences "for substantial assistance or acceptance of responsibility." Spohnhttp (2000:482)"
"Ultimately, Spohnhttp (2000:481 - 482) concludes that the reason for the unbalanced number of racial minorities currently incarcerated in the U.S. did not merely evolve from a racially neutral efforts to protect citizens and/or control crime. Earlier refutations of racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system, according to Spohnhttp (2000:482) do not pass the test of time."
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Racial Components in Criminal Justice, 2004.
A comparison of how T.R. Clear and Cole?s textbook, "American Corrections", Nicholas Pileggi's book "Wiseguy", and the film, "American Me", talk about the racial components of the American criminal justice system.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper uses textbook, novel, and film to take a look at how the American criminal justice system deals with and affects those found guilty of criminal acts and whether this system is affected by race and systemic racial biases.
From the Paper
"It is often alleged that the criminal justice system has unjustly persecuted individuals whom are members of minority groups, based solely upon their minority status. Advocates of this point of view, according to Chapter 19 of T.R. Clear and Cole?s textbook American Corrections, cite jury?s disproportionate tendency to convict minorities, as well as to impose more lengthy and weighty sentences upon defendants who are minorities. This presumption often suggests that the defendant in question must be innocent, or is only a cog in the wheel of a much larger crime machine. But what transpires when indeed a defendant is guilty and is indeed a member of a gang or crime family? Does race and systemic racial biases still come into play in such instances?"
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Ethics in Criminal Justice, 2002.
A look at how justice is served through racial profiling, the penal system and crime theory.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the moral and ethical connection between the concepts of justice and the application of justice. The paper examines this subject from three different angles: racial profiling, the penal system, and crime theory. It asserts that all three areas represent a significant imbalance in how justice is "served" from one sector of society to the next. It is not enough to simply say that police brutality is immoral (while it is), but more so to say that when applied disproportionately to non-whites, it is even more immoral.
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The Criminal Justice System, 2007.
This paper explores racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that racism or racial discrimination is an outright rejection of the principle of equal justice, fairness and public safety. The paper discusses how fairness is essential to the proper functioning of a democratic society and there should be a vital link between social values and personal values. The paper looks at the work "Racial Issues in Criminal Justice" edited by Marvin D. Free and examines the opinions of several experts on the subject.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system aims at maintaining social control, enforce laws and administering justice, primarily through law enforcement or police forces, the courts and corrections, in the pursuit of the ideal of justice and fairness (Wikipedia 2006). Police work, on the other hand, is aimed at crime prevention, crime control and the handling of cases when crime occurs. The police conduct a crime investigation, gather evidence and identify the suspects. It is the police who make the first contact with the offender and initiate the mechanics of the criminal justice system by making the arrest after establishing probable cause. They then take the suspect into custody and make him or her go through a process, which includes finger printing, taking mug shots and interrogation (Wikipedia)."
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African-Americans and Criminal Justice, 2008.
This paper addresses the racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Tonry in "Malign Neglect" where the author addresses the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system and maintains that this is due to social biases and preconceived notions as well as disproportionate limitations on the ability of minorities to defend themselves in a money driven legal justice system. The paper looks at Tonry's suggested solutions that tackle the nature of racial disparities.
From the Paper
"Tonry in Malign Neglect (1996) explains that the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system can in part be blamed on disproportionate applications of sentencing, incarceration and parole, not in the disproportionate development of criminality of minorities. Tonry believes that the war on drugs with all its demonstrative judicial changes is largely to blame as such changes along with the application of tougher sentencing and reduced utilization of parole for minorities based on a along held bias regarding criminality in the population create a disparity that is alarming to say the least. "
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The American Criminal Justice System, 2005.
This paper discusses racial disparities in the American criminal justice system.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racial disparities in the American criminal justice system refer to the difference in the number of minorities versus whites represented inside correction institutions; the incarceration rate for blacks is 8.2 times greater than that of whites. The author points out that, contrary to public belief, the higher arrest rates of black drug offenders do not reflect higher rates of drug law violations; whites actually commit more drug crimes than blacks do, but arrests appear to be easier to obtain in low-income areas because most drug transactions are conducted in public in predominantly black neighborhoods; whereas, drug transactions are more likely conducted indoors in working, upper-class, white neighborhoods. The paper recommends that establishing accreditations for law enforcement, increasing the data collection, continuing to diversify the workplace, and reforming court procedures and sentencing guidelines will help reach the goal of fairness in the justice system.
From the Paper
"One discriminating practice used by police officers is racial profiling. Racial profiling can be defined as practice of stopping, questioning, and searching potential criminal suspects in vehicles or on the street based solely on their racial appearance (Human Rights Watch, 2000). Profiling has contributed to racially disproportionate drug arrests, as well as, arrests for other crimes. It makes sense that the more individuals police stop, question and search, the more people they will find with reason for arrest. In retrospect, if the majority of these types of stop and frisk searches are done on a certain race then it makes sense that that race would have a higher arrest rate. This is the problem that racial profiling creates and it is most obvious in drug arrests."
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R. Hofrichter's "Health and Social Justice", 2007.
This paper reviews R. Hofrichter's "Health and Social Justice", which relates that health inequalities have their source in widespread social, economic and political forces that are linked with gender, race, class, and social justice.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that R. Hofrichter's in his 2003 book "Health and Social Justice" contends that health inequalities originate in social determinants of the world order and policies that promote inequity. The author points out that gender, race, and class are important because of the structured hierarchies in society that determine people's life chances and the opportunities they will experience. The paper contends that gender, class and racial discrimination are embedded in all social institutions and in all aspects of life. The author stresses that health inequalities are not inevitable but are the result of preventable, avoidable, systemic conditions and policies based on imbalances in political power as exemplified in the United States, which has an atrocious record of population health.
From the Paper
"The Alma Ata declared that health for all would be possible. However, globalization was about to gain momentum. The Ottawa Charter for Health promotion identified the "prerequisites of health as peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity." The Adelaide Recommendations observed that healthy public policy is marked by an explicit concern for health and equity in all areas of policy. The Sundsvall Statement fits with the goals of health for all, and calls for a supportive environment to bring about equity and social justice."
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Pursuing Criminal Justice through Law Enforcement, 2008.
An analysis of current practices within law enforcement that demonstrate justice within the American judicial system.
2,124 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses possible definitions of justice in its relation to law enforcement. It particularly discusses how criminal justice is connected to the idea of due process. The paper then focuses on current practices within law enforcement that demonstrate justice. The paper argues that policies and practices created to increase public order or individual rights are frequently seen to diminish that which they were put in place to protect. Finally, the paper discusses how justice as it applies to law enforcement in America has changed since the advent of September 11, 2001 and the direction it will take in the future.
Table of Contents:
Current Practices Demonstrating Justice
Community Policing
Miranda Law
Cross-agency Cooperation
Changes following September 11th
USA Patriot Act
Department of Homeland Security
Airport Security
Future Challenges
Consequences of the Patriot Act
Funding
Racial Profiling
Prediction for Law Enforcement
From the Paper
"Rapidly expanding technologies, including computer networking, the Internet, wireless services of all kinds, and simple access to relatively anonymous forms of electronic communication, signal a new era for the American justice system and more importantly, law enforcement. On the other hand, law enforcement access to high-technology investigative tools has produced enormous amounts of information on crimes and suspects, and the use of innovative investigative tools are beginning to shape many of the practical aspects of the 21st century criminal justice system. Sadly, in my opinion, the criminal justice system of the future will look much like the system we know today."
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The Criminal Justice System, 2003.
In in depth discussion on racism within the criminal justice system.
5,290 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper surveys the way negative race perceptions affect minorities in the criminal justice system in the United States, a system administered almost exclusively by white to protect whites. It discusses the issue of racial profiling. The lack of opportunity for racial and ethnic minorities to work in the criminal justice system are explored. The author argues for a more culturally diverse law enforcement system to ensure the fair treatment of minorities.
From the Paper
"The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) argues that racial inequities in the criminal justice system arise because the system is administered almost exclusively by whites and ..."
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Criminal Justice Policy and Practice, 3006.
A look at disparity and discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Based on literature surveyed, this research paper compares and contrasts disparity and discrimination as they relate to the criminal justice system. The paper concludes that racial disparity in the criminal justice system is one of the most challenging problems facing American societies today because the existence of that disparity challenges the basic values upon which the criminal justice system rests.
From the Paper
"Although overt race discrimination in criminal justice processing appears to be a problem restricted to specific spatial and temporal contexts, the fact remains that racial disparities in serious crimes have reached a critical stage in the United States. Homicide currently is the leading cause of death among young black males and females, and the majority of persons in state and federal prisons are black (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1995). With such enormous disproportional in sanctioning, it should be of little comfort that most of the disparity is a result of differential involvement in non drug criminal offending."
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Minorities and the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2006.
A look at how the U.S. criminal justice system mistreats minorities.
2,727 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.
Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities
From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."
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Criminal Justice Field, 2002.
Presents a general overview of the criminal justice field relating to academic studies and human resources.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by addressing the question of whether a B.A. degree should be a prerequisite for promotion in the criminal justice field (law enforcement). It then examines the advantages vs. disadvantages of distance learning in law enforcement. The paper then moves to the sensitive issue of racial profiling in the criminal justice field, as opposed to the civilian world. The writer concludes with a discussion workplace motivation in a law enforcement agency.
From the Paper
"Many would argue that practical learning and field experience is more valuable and practical than a baccalaureate degree in any field for a promotion. The reasoning behind this relates to the idea that practical experience is by far more valuable than classroom experience. Research proves that many a CEO and President of a company or law enforcement agency in fact gained the majority of their experience from on the job training or life experience, not a classroom environment. However, what of a Baccalaureate Degree? Do such candidates truly have an advantage over others in any field?"
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Race, Crime and Justice, 2005.
Addresses questions relating to racism and justice in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three questions of racism and justice in the United States. The paper discusses the concept of restorative justice as penal alternatives, racial profiling and the tendency for non-white youths to have more police interaction than whites, and the increased incidences of violence and police brutality towards non-white juveniles.
From the Paper
"The concept of restorative justice is one that focuses on mediation between the perpetrator of a crime, the victim and the impact of the crime on the community. There are a wide variety of processes that this form of justice can take, but all of them "are based upon recognition that the offender, victim, and community are deeply interdependent when it comes to community safety" (Clear & Karp, 1999, p. 103). Restorative justice is a radical departure from the idea of dealing with crime and victimization. It does not seek to "punish" a "criminal," but instead tries to focus on the impact of every individual's behavior on the community."
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Racism and Mental Health Issues in Juvenile Justice Systems, 2004.
Examines the problem of institutionalized racism in the U.S. juvenile justice system.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at racial prejudice in the administration of juvenile justice from the point of view of who gets locked up, what happens once they?re in, and the built-in system cruelty. Incarceration statistics are included. A discussion of race as a factor in whether the juvenile offender receives mental health care and what actually goes on inside the juvenile justice system are topics addressed by this paper.
From the Paper
"Juvenile Justice System (JJS) increased by 41%; but more disturbing is the fact that in that time period, delinquency cases involving blacks jumped 78% and cases involving other non-white youths skyrocketed by 94% (Lardiero, 1997). Another key fact illustrating the institutional bias against minority kids is found in a 1987 study (by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges) of ethnicity in much-preferable private JJS facilities vs. generally miserable public JJS facilities: 35% of private inmates were minorities and 65% were white."
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