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Racial Profiling, 2002.
An analysis of the question of racial profiling towards Arab- and Muslim-Americans since the September 11th attacks.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper questions the racial profiling by the American government towards Arabs and Muslims. It argues whether this should be allowed during these times of uncertainty due to September 11th since they are at war with terrorism where the members of the Al Qaeda, a militant Arab group, are the only subjects.
I. Background and definition of racial profiling
A. Overview of September 11th
B. Korematsu vs. U.S. Supreme Court case
C. Current suspects caught due to racial profiling
D. Thesis statement
II. Disagreements about racial profiling
A. Innocent suspects
B. Racial discrimination
C. Other ways to catch the terrorists
III. Racial profiling is helpful in the war against terrorism
A. Terrorists try to blend in with society
B. Every suspect has been Arab and Muslim
C. Faith in the U.S. Military
D. Military protection
IV. Racial profiling and citizens
A. Racial profiling should be left up to the government
B. The government is trained to deal with racial profiling- ordinary citizens are not
C. Living our lives in fear lets terrorism win
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is when someone is treated differently because they belong to a specific race. After the tragic events of September 11th of 2001 U.S., government and airport officials have targeted Arabs and Muslims as suspects of future terrorist action. Racial profiling has been going on for generations. During World War II the Japanese living in the U.S. were placed in military observation zones in California due to their Japanese ancestry after Pearl Harbor was bombed in December of 1941. The legal matter was argued in the Supreme Court in the case, Korematsu v. US. The young Korematsu?s argument was based on the unfair ?imprisonment in a concentration camp solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition towards the United States.? The United States case later goes on to claim: Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we were at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures. ?. Congress, reposing its confidence in this time owar in our military leaders?as inevitably must-- determined that they should have the power to do just this."
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Racial Profiling in Airports, 2004.
An examination of the issues concerning the use of racial profiling at airports in light of the recent terrorist attacks.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of racial profiling in airports. Specifically, it discusses how terrorist attacks in America call for increasing racial profiling in airports, similar to Israel's El Al Airlines racial profiling tactics. It looks at how racial profiling is a highly controversial topic and how some countries have found racial profiling helps keep people safer, while many political groups feel it is a clear violation of rights and should never be used. It evaluates how, although racial profiling may be controversial, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it may be one of the only reliable ways available to keep the country safe from further attacks.
From the Paper
"The ACLU feels that people "of color" are searched and detained more often in airports, and one African-American, Aquil Abdullah, agrees, as he is routinely stopped almost every time he travels by air. "He knows what the problem is. It's not hard to figure out ? once he introduces himself. His name is Aquil Abdullah. Aquil Abdullah thinks his name is on a list somewhere of suspect people" (Schlesinger). Abdullah is an American athlete, who is the first to win the prestigious Henley Regatta in Britain, and ironically, he is not even Muslim, he is a Catholic. His story is not unusual, and groups such as the ACLU cite his experience as one of the reasons racial profiling is a violation of rights. Abdullah is stopped simply because of his name."
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling, the act of police officers or other law enforcement officials using race as a factor in deciding whom to stop and search on the street, in the United States.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the issues that surround racial profiling and discusses the various problems that are encountered. Some of the issues addressed are whether or not racial profiling exists, the problem that most law enforcement departments refuse to undergo a study and that they deny that racial profiling exists and the state of literature regarding this topic at this point is more anecdotal than scientific. In addition the writer contends that the topic is controversial because the United States believes that it has rid itself of prejudice and racism and to open the topic of racial profiling by law enforcement personnel is admitting that its possible the nation is backsliding.Finally, this paper examines how the events of September 11th stepped up the pace of racial profiling by law enforcement and grew to include new groups of people.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a topic that is seen across the nation in the media. Racial profiling has often been referred to as the phantom occurrence because thus far departments across the nation patently deny its existence. The topic is a growing one in light of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. Racial profiling has been a top news story since that attack but it was an issue for many years before that.
One of the hardest things to debate in this heated topic is whether or not it exists. There is not a law enforcement agency in the nation that has stepped up to the plate and acknowledged that it does indeed profile using racial criteria. It is something that New York City's finest have been accused of over and over again while the chiefs and mayors adamantly deny the rumors. It is something that News shows spend entire segments trying to prove with the cases that are claimed to have happened because of it(Dotings, 2000)"
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The Problem of Racial Profiling, 2008.
This paper explores how racial profiling is a growing problem in American society today, focusing on the violation of the rights of individuals on the streets and in vehicles.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the alarming statistics showing the growth of racial profiling in recent years. The author presents some definitions of racial profiling and uses several cases as examples of how case law and legal interpretations are intensifying the problem by permitting more license to police officers who stop motorists and pedestrians. In an effort to reduce complaints by profiled individuals, some cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit, are passing anti-racial profiling ordinances. However, on the national level, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 (ERPA) failed to pass. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the problem of racial profiling will be solved soon, given the current concerns with terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes two major entries to protect citizens against racial profiling: equality and due process. The amendment declares, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." To focus on a specific group of individuals because of race violates equal protection: The law cannot protect a group of people that is being singled out for investigation. In addition, the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause prohibits the government from making classifications based on race, sex, age, illegitimacy, wealth or any other characteristic and guarantees that all people are treated the same."
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Racial Profiling in Toronto, 2006.
A look at the issue of racial profiling in Toronto and whether it is a serious problem that deserves attention or one of minimal importance.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Racial profiling is a term used to define instances in which one ethnic group is subjected to police surveillance or detention more than any other group in society. The practice occurs when the race of the individual is more significant in causing police action than the suspicion of criminal acts. In instances in which racial profiling has been evident, the cause is generally because assumptions about particular racial groups exist within the police organization. This paper looks at the issue of racial profiling in the city of Toronto and how some organizations contend that racial profiling is a serious issue, which must be addressed while other professionals and community members suggest that racial profiling does not exist, and that the claims that have been made against the Toronto police are without merit.
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Racial Profiling, 2004.
An analysis of how the media portrays racial profiling.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a media analysis on racial profiling. The paper examines four different perspectives of racial profiling. The life of the racially profiled individual is discussed, followed by the view of the public official. The paper explores the perspective of the law enforcement official and concludes with an overview of the role of the media. The paper presents statistics to illustrate the occurrence of racial profiling throughout society.
From the Paper
"According to amnesty international, "Racial profiling occurs when race is used by law enforcement or private security officials, to any degree, as a basis for criminal suspicion in non-suspect specific investigations." According to the report, "when law enforcement uses race, religion, country of origin, and ethnic or religious appearance as a proxy for criminal suspicion it undermines national security. Furthermore the report states that nearly 32 million people in the United States have been victims and their lives impacted by racial profiling. Statistics published online at the PBS Website in a report entitled "Racial Profiling" provided the following statistics in relation to Traffic Stops and subsequent searches on the part of law enforcement officers as to those in the racial groups of black, white and Hispanic drivers."
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
An insight into racial profiling, the use of race as the primary indicator of criminal behavior to stop or arrest individuals from minority groups.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of racial profiling, using race to profile criminals and how African-Americans and other minority groups have been unfairly targeted by law enforcement officials. It looks at how racial profiling taps into one of the irreconcilable conflicts of American society, liberty versus security, although with racial profiling, it has been shown that crime has been significantly reduced in major cities, such as New York City. It shows how ultimately, racial profiling has created a gulf between law enforcement and the minority communities it purports to protect and how all too frequently, innocent people are persecuted. In other situations, people from the minority community refuse to testify on behalf of law enforcement in trials against criminals because of the minority people?s distrust of law enforcement.
From the Paper
"Against incriminating statistics that police unfairly target minorities is the reality that most of the criminals come from minority neighborhoods and communities. One of the statistics cited by the liberals is the 1998 statistic stating that 83 percent of the 27,000 "stop and frisk" incidents by a special police unit concerned minorities. However, according to New York mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani, this statistic does not translate into the fact that policemen are deliberately harassing individuals from minority neighborhoods. Instead, these statistics reflect the reality that many suspects, whose ethnicities are described by their victims, come from minority communities (Getlin). According to national figures, blacks comprise 13 percent of the American population, but over 40 percent of the arrests for rape and car theft (Puddington 5)."
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The Constitution vs. Racial Profiling: The Knock-out Round, 2001.
Explores constitutional issues in racial profiling and discrimination in the wake of 9/11. Examples of profiling are derived from general minority experiences and specifically Arab/Muslim discrimination after 9/11.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling. The writer addresses four scenarios and argues for or against their legal and moral foundation based on the 14th amendment of the United States Constitution. In addition to the writer?s belief regarding each scenario, we are given key elements of the opposition?s argument and the writer?s rebuttal to that opposition.
From the paper:
"Following the attacks on America September 11, 2001, there were cries for revenge throughout the nation. Anyone who looked Muslim was endangered as Americans took their anger to the streets. Following the attack there were several instances in which pilots refused to fly planes until Muslim looking passengers were removed and angry residents threatened those who looked like one of ?them?. The initial rage died down and in its place we were given many new security measures that we have been told are for the good of national security. The measures boil down to legalized racial profiling in some cases. Racial profiling is not a new event. It has been around for many years. Racial profiling goes against everything the constitution of this nation stands for; yet in light of the attacks in New York, Americans are less vocal about it then they have been in the past. Now, instead of denouncing all profiling as unconstitutional and wrong, we find ourselves looking at individual profile scenarios and holding them against the constitution to see if we can slide them through. We have entered a new world since the attacks. It is a world in which we are trying to walk a much thinner line between protecting the safety of those who live here and protecting the constitution."
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Criminal Justice: Racial Profiling and Toronto, 2006.
Explores the controversial topic of racial profiling and, specifically, how the Toronto Police Department engages in this practice.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
With the unmistakable emergence of global terrorism in the last half decade the controversial topic of racial profiling has become more and more unavoidable. With that in mind, this paper explores the topic by looking at what racial profiling is and why it is such an important topic of discussion. Proceeding onward the paper looks at the major areas of research which cannot be passed over when examining this issue. For example, the paper looks at the fact that the Toronto Police Department regularly engages in racial profiling when dealing with African-Canadians; armed with this disquieting fact, the paper pores over the literature that is available from 2000 onwards.
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
An examination of the practice of racial profiling in the fight against crime.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
Racial profiling, when used with other criminal indicators, can be a very powerful tool for crime fighters. This paper argues that it can help to narrow the number of suspects that police must look at when trying to make an arrest for a crime or even prevent one. As some people and organizations complain about the use of racial profiling, calling it a racist act, law enforcement cannot do its job properly without being harshly criticized. It explains that it is possible that a few innocent people may be inconvenienced as a result of racial profiling, but it something that people must learn to deal with if they want to live in a world with less crime.
From the Paper
"Sgt. Mike Lewis is a good cop that has been ridiculed due to the area that he works in. There is a larger concentration of black men smuggling drugs in this area, so it would only make sense that he is arresting more blacks. Not everyone sees it this way. Some people feel that he is unfairly targeting black males and either harassing or arresting them. For this reason, he has begun to overlook some traffic violations of blacks so that he can avoid being called a racist. By doing this he is most likely allowing a greater number of criminals to make it through his area unscathed. He isn't the only one that is shying away from pretext stops of minorities. Officers across the nation are letting some offenders go in order to protect them selves from criticism. Their job is hard enough without everyone with an opinion telling them how to do it. Police officers should be able to do their jobs without having to constantly worry about what group or organization is looking over their back at any given time."
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of using racial profiling as a law enforcement tool and suggests ways of correcting these problems.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racial profiling is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity or national origin; rather than being based on the behavior of an individual or on information that a particular individual is or has been engaged in criminal activity. The author points out that racial profiling is one of the most pressing civil right issues of our time because it extends beyond the direct victim to affect negatively all persons of color of all generations and income levels, undermines the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and hinders effective policing in communities, which need it the most. The paper suggests that the solution to the racial profiling controversy may lie in the ability to control the discretion of the police such as (1) stops must be initiated for a legitimate reason, (2) must be predicted upon an appropriate legal or policy standard, (3) must be perceived to be effective in the pursuit of a legitimate law enforcement need and (4) the officer's attitudes and behaviors must be perceived by the violator to be legitimate.
Table of Contents
Violates Civil Rights
Undermines Police Community Relations
Unsound Policing
Impact on our Community
Impact on the Law Enforcement Profession
Controlling the Discretion of the Police
Control Consent Searches
Deploy Policing Resources on the Basis of Actual not Perceived Demand
Manage the Leader's Influence and Message
Provide Proactive Training and Education
Use Technology to Document the Policing Process
Actively Seek an Avenue for Changing the Current Law
Pass Prohibitive Statutes that Provide Criminal Penalties
Make the Police More Accountable
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is most commonly associated with driving while black or brown also known as DWB. This practice, however, is not limited to vehicle stops it also extends to other aspects of living in the minority community "walking while black; standing while black; shopping while black." Racial profiling states the cost associated with race related police abuses are significant and include psychological trauma, humiliation and degradation and a decline in the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Police brutality lawsuits and institutional racism cost taxpayers ten millions of dollars."
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
An examination of racial profiling within the criminal system.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines racial profiling in the North American Criminal justice system. The paper presents a brief review of what racial profiling is, a few of its manifestations, what benefits it offers, and what disadvantages it presents that outweigh those benefits. The paper concludes that racial profiling remains far too clumsy and inaccurate a tool to be employed extensively.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is an exceedingly controversial subject. For many people, racial profiling by police organizations represents the last vestiges of institutionalized racism in our society. For others, however, racial profiling is a means of improving policing methods so that innocent men, women and children can be protected from criminal predators. This paper will examine what criminal profiling is, its various manifestations, what benefits it offers and what disadvantages it presents. This paper will also examine the subject from a "Cop Watch" perspective - that is to say, emphasizing the need for ordinary citizens to recognize and appreciate their rights. In the final analysis, racial profiling may offer superficial appeal, but its many shortcomings and complications make it ultimately untenable. "
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
Position paper arguing against the law enforcement practice of racial profiling.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of racial profiling and whether it has a malevolent or beneficial effect on society. While presenting and reviewing arguments on both sides of the issue, the author of the paper comes out clearly against racial profiling and concludes that, despite the fact that racial profiling gives law enforcement a good excuse to violate the rights of some segment of the population, such a violation is not legitimate, as it inherently punishes the suspiciously innocent along with the guilty.
From the Paper
"When discussing law enforcement and crime prevention, one inevitably hits up against a philosophical impasse -- the rights and freedoms of the individual are inherently at odds with the purpose of the government which has its interest in controlling their actions. As law enforcement becomes increasingly tough-minded, it is increasingly true that the rights of the innocent must be sacrificed along with the rights of the guilty. So those who are more interested in the law than in freedom will inevitably be at odds with those who are more interested in freedom than in the law -- as there is no way to logically determine which is more valuable, so there is no way to logically determine which deserves the greater protection. The issue of racial profiling is one which falls into this area of debate quite naturally. It is generally inspired not by rabid racism but is considered to be a legitimate way to enforce the laws which, because of institutional racism, takes on a very racist nature -- yet it can be defended on the behalf of the lawful."
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Racial Profiling, 2004.
Examines whether racial profiling exists in the United States.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
Racial profiling is stereotyping people because of their race, ethnicity or religious backgrounds and targeting them for crimes. This paper argues that racial profiling is indeed part of a system used by the US police force. It provides several examples of why racial profiling does not 'work' and should be stopped.
From the Paper
"Racial Profiling detracts police and other officials from real threats or problems and builds certain distrust between our police forces and our different minorities. African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, Native Americans and Arabs- and sometimes even whites can be targeted for this discrimination. Due to the recent terrorist attacks of 9/11 citizens and visitors of Middle Eastern and South Asian decent, or those of the Sikh or Muslim faiths, have become more frequent subjects of racial profiling over the last three years."
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Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement, 2002.
A discussion of the controversial issue of racial profiling in law enforcement.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper discusses racial profiling in law enforcement. Positive and negative aspects of racial profiling and relevant Supreme Court cases are examined and analyzed in order to determine whether racial profiling should be used in policing. The paper concludes that it should be.
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