| Papers [1-15] of 28 :: [Page 1 of 2] | | Go to page : 1 2 —> | Search results on "RADIOACTIVE": |
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Radiometric (Radioactive) Dating, 2002.
An examination of Radiometric dating, also known as carbon-12 or carbon-14 dating, including a look at dating using other radioactive methods.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
A paper which explains the beginning of radioactive dating - a process which can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began. The paper explores the progression of this method and its uses today, as well as discusses different methods that are used, other than carbon-12, such as potassium or argon dating.
From the Paper
"Many view radioactivity as the end of the world in the event of a nuclear war. With its astonishing power, radioactivity could perhaps destroy and thus end the world. What many don't know about radioactivity is that is has the potential to tell scientists the age - or the beginning - of the Earth. Quite ironically, radioactivity could very well be responsible for both showing the beginning and the ending of Earth. A process called radiometric dating can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began."
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Radioactive Waste, 1991.
This paper discusses radioactive waste: Types, handling requirements, problems of disposal and contracting.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"As nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants have proliferated over the last ten years, the need to safely dispose of the nuclear waste associated with them has grown, as well. In addition to these two sources of radioactive waste, there are other, less dramatic sources. Complicating the issue of radioactive waste is the not-in-my-backyard-syndrome: while most individuals agree that something has to be done about radioactive waste, few individuals are willing to have a radioactive waste site in the immediate area. This research examines the various types of radioactive waste and the progress toward establishing long-term waste sites for them.
According to the U.S. government, there are four categories of radioactive waste: uranium mill tailings, which are what is left over after uranium is extracted from raw uranium; high-level ... "
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Radioactive Dating, 2002.
An introduction to the history and methods of the various types of radio carbon dating.
1,842 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Radioactive dating is the process of determining the age of rocks and other specimens from the decay of their radioactive elements. By applying this information, geologists are able to decipher the 4.6-billion-year history of the earth. The paper introduces the history of this type of dating in chronological order. It discusses other issues related to radioactive dating such as Carbon-14 dating, fission track dating, Potassium Argon Dating, the Rubidium-Strontium method, lead-alpha age and debated ideas of radioactive dating.
From the Paper
"Cosmic rays from the sun strike nitrogen 14 atoms in the earth?s atmosphere and cause nitrogen atoms to lose a proton making it a carbon isotope this then turns into radioactive carbon 14, which combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. All living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and used by green plants. Then the radioactive carbon dioxide gets passed on through the plants into the food chain and the carbon cycle. All living things contain a constant ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 of about 1 in a trillion. The amount of carbon 14 lost in a species is continually replenished as long as it still takes in food and oxygen. At death, the exchange of carbon 14 ceases and any that is left in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, this is not replenished by any new C-14. The change in the Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio is the basis for dating this dating technique. The half-life is so short (5730 years) that this method can only be used on materials less than 70,000 years old. A lot of archaeological dating uses this method. It is also very useful in attempting to date remnants of the ice ages (Pleistocene epoch.)"
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Dealing With Radioactive Waste, 1997.
Examines the aspects surrounding the nuclear waste problem. Discusses the dimensions of the problem, waste disposal issues and potential solutions.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Dealing with Radioactive Waste
Introduction
The problem of disposing of radioactive waste has existed for over 50 years now and the country is not much closer to a universally acceptable resolution. Initially there was almost a laissez faire attitude on the part of scientists and the government. More recently the public has become so mistrustful that anything less than a near 100 percent risk free solution might be rejected. The amount of nuclear waste keeps growing, yet no one has suggested that we stop producing the things that create this radioactive waste.
Dimensions of the Problem
Radioactive waste is the residue from the production of ..."
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Terrorism, 2004.
An analysis of terrorism and the possible effects of the chemical, biological, radioactive, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons used by terrorists.
4,190 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the likelihood of a terrorist group using chemical, biological, radioactive, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The paper describes some of the possible effects of CBRN weapons used by terrorists and discusses the value these weapons would have for the terrorist. In an attempt to brief national policy makers, the paper lists the principal terrorist threats in terms of groups or specific operations. The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the intelligence system for dealing with terrorism. The paper explores the targets a terrorist leader is likely to attack for maximum effectiveness.
Outline
CBRN Weapons
Possible Effects of CBRN Weapons
Value of CBRN Weapons for the Terrorist
Principal Terrorist Threats
The Intelligence System
Maximum Effect Targets
From the Paper
"Renowned persons in the US, has been expressive in their claim that a terrorist CBRN assault is looming. Bill Clinton, President of the United States declared in a January 1999 featured writing in the New York Times that there are increased chances that a terrorist gang would unleash a chemical weapon in the land of America in the coming few years. Senator Sam Nunn declared that the danger of terrorist assault on the cities of America through CBRN has attained a stage where a daring and strong endeavor is necessary. This is an obvious and current threat to the American citizens that needs an opportune reaction. According to FBI Director Louis Freeh who stated in 1997 purchase, propagation, endangered or real use of weapons of mass destruction -WMD by a terrorist gang or persons constitutes one of the serious dangers to the United States. Richard Lugar -the Presidential candidate took a sequence of costly television spots during the year 1999 to exhibit the serious danger caused by nuclear terrorism."
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Waste Disposal in the U.S., 1993.
Examines public policy, laws, recycling, municipal solid waste, hazardous materials, landfills, waste-to-energy plans, industrial pollution, radioactive waste and sewage treatment.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 18 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The more developed a country is, the more waste it produces. Waste, therefore, is an excellent standard-of-living indicator. The abundance of waste, however, is also a significant source of pollution, and this has become a major concern of governments all over the world.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) drew up the following categories for waste classification: municipal (mainly household) waste; industrial waste; residue from the production of energy; hospital and agricultural waste, mining spoil and demolition debris; dredge spoil, and sewage sludge--nuclear wastes were regarded separately (3:28). In the industrialized member countries of OECD, where 90 to 100 percent of garbage collection is carried out by municipal authority, people do not seem to worry about what happens to their household ..."
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Dumping Nuclear Waste at Sea, 1994.
An examination of the practice and ecological effects of radioactive dumping by the former Soviet Union with alternatives and international responses.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The oceans are, and will continue to be, an important source for the world?s food supply. However, no dramatic changes in exploitative methods or dramatic increases in supply are foreseen by experts in the near future. Methods to use plentiful underutilized species, such as krill, will still be searched for, but the most significant increases in fishery productivity will come from more efficient use of current catches. Progress in biotechnology, especially improved larval development, will increase human capacity for cultivating the oceans. Still, it is debatable whether or not mariculture activity to provide food for the world?s hungry will succeed. More realistically, aquaculture activities will continue to guarantee the production of higher.priced species, such as salmon.
Yet something threatens to ruin the fish that can be..."
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A Call for Safer Methods of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2001.
A call to action for safer methods of disposal of nuclear waste and other radioactive material.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
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"Dirty Nuke" Terror Devices, 2008.
Examines the terror device called a "dirty nuke" known as a radiological dispersion device (RDD).
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a "dirty nuke", a radiological dispersion device (RDD), is a combination of conventional explosives and radioactive material designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area. The author points out that the consensus among experts is that that terrorists are more likely to use a "dirty nuke" rather than a conventional nuclear bomb because materials for this device are more accessible and it does not require as high a degree of technological knowledge to create as does a conventional nuclear bomb. The paper relates that, while not as destructive, a "dirty nuke" can create terror and destruction on a large scale.
From the Paper
"As experts point out, there is a great fear in the public perception of radiation and if a "dirty nuke" is detonated in a city the danger of contamination would mean that the inhabitants would firstly have to be immediately evacuated. This leads to another important reason why the terrorists would use this type of bomb; namely, that large-scale evacuations are extremely costly. However, the greatest damage would be the psychological rather than the radioactive fallout."
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India and Nuclear Energy, 2006.
This paper discuses extensively the global use of nuclear energy, especially in India.
6,995 words (approx. 28.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India
Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan
Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."
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Environmental Justice, 2005.
An in-depth study of environmental justice and environmental racism with a focus on the state of Illinois.
17,249 words (approx. 69.0 pages), 60 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper is a thorough review of the problem of environmental racism and whether it does indeed exist in Chicagoland. The paper also examines whether or not instances of environmental injustice have increased or decreased since President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 was issued in 1994. The paper also attempts to determine whether the civil rights movement in general has left the environmental injustice/environmental racism agenda behind.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Chicagoland Contaminated Sites
Environmental Racism/Environmental Injustice
Civil Rights Movement/Environmental Justice
Methodology
Results
New Handling of Environmental Remediation
Post-Executive Order 12898
Pre-Executive Order 12898 Remediation
Second Radioactive Cleanup Site
Printing Chemicals
Lead Removal at East St. Louis Sites
Illinois EPA Projects, 2004 and 2003
Activities in 2003
Activities in 2004
Activities in 2005
Discussion
From the Paper
"Within days of taking office the first time, William Jefferson Clinton initiated his 'governing by memoranda' activities. This article begins with his immediate overturning of the Bush I gag rule concerning abortion, and then went on rapidly to other birth-control issues, gays in the military and more. Because of these rapid and far-reaching actions, the concepts of policy tools has become one open to more scrutiny than before Clinton began his series of 25 presidential memoranda and 18 executive orders that "implemented the administration's reinventing government initiatives." Among the important memoranda this article analyzes was Executive Order 12898, the purpose of which "was to 'focus Federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions in minority communities and low-income communities with the goal of achieving environmental justice'." The memorandum, however, "specifically involved" civil rights laws already on the books and required to be used by federal agencies in, arguably, all the agencies' endeavors."
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Nuclear Energy Policies, 2006.
This paper discusses the production of electricity using nuclear energy and analyzes the policy approaches of England and France.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the variables that must be considered in the decision to develop nuclear power capability such as (1) the actual location of a nuclear power plant, (2) the question of security and (3) the compatibility of entering into a nuclear program within the context of the country's long-range energy plans, international policies and aspirations and their level of scientific and technical education. The author points out that the critical gap in plans to expand British civil nuclear programs, which is widely recognized both by promoters and opposers of nuclear power, is the problem of managing radioactive wastes. The paper relates that the French policy differs from from the British policy in that it has gone beyond the concept of "nuclear substitution", designed to diversify and stabilize energy-producing capacity, into a policy of "nuclear electrification" under which the growth of electricity consumption has been deliberately encouraged.
From the Paper
"The lack of progress in the British industry reflects a number of fundamental differences between the two nations. One is relatively energy-rich while the other is energy-poor, and the insecurity experienced by the French has been much less marked on the other side of the Channel. On the contrary, the British have enjoyed a flexibility in energy options that is enviable. But beyond commercial questions, and beyond questions of energy supply and demand, lie the differences in institutional power and control and differences in political planning processes that expose the actions of the British industry to far more democratic scrutiny. The anti-nuclear lobby, though less volatile than its French equivalent, is stronger and more consistent. Faced with the luxury of choice, the decision-making process slows to the point of meandering and energy planning wallows in incoherence. This has two, sometimes, conflicting, consequences. Precipitate action on a major scale is checked, but the price of these checks may be slackening technical impetus and loss of commercial advantage."
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Ion Mobility Spectrometry, 2008.
An analysis of the use of ion mobility spectrometry in the detection of explosives.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is one of the most widely used and most promising of the methods available for the detection and identification of explosives today. It looks at how two independent principles and the foundations of this technique are that ions can be created at ambient pressure from radioactive materials and how these gas phase ions can be characterized rapidly for mobility in weak electric fields. Several diagrams are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
How it Works
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Ion Formation
From the Paper
"The electric field is established via a voltage divider and a series of conducting rings stacked between the ion shutter and the detector. In the drift region, there is a drift gas at constant pressure, which may be between 1 Torr and atmospheric pressure depending on the configuration of the IMS instrument. The ions experience a number of collisions as they pass through the buffer gas. These collisions hinder the ions progress to the detector. Larger ions move slower through the drift tube due to greater collision cross sections causing more collisions. Smaller ions, on the other hand, move faster as their collision cross section is smaller and therefore they encounter fewer collisions. This explains how the separation via shape and size is possible."
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Chemistry Labs, 2005.
A writeup of three chemistry experiments.
2,990 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper presents three chemistry experiments: (1) the effect of temperature on solubility and the thermodynamic relationships, (2) radioactive decay, and (3) electroplating with copper. The paper gives experimental details and calculations for each experiment.
From the Paper
"This experiment examined the effects of changing temperature on the amount of solute that would dissolve in a given amount of water. Water solubility is defined as ..."
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The Hanford Site, 2004.
An analysis of the economical and environmental effects of the closing of the Hanford Nuclear Reactor Plant.
3,350 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect that the closing of 'The Hanford Site,' the Hanford Nuclear Reactor Plant, has had on the community in terms of economy and the environment. The paper explains that the removal of many thousands of tons of radioactive dirt took place in Hanford and claims that it appears that environmental and economical successes have been achieved in spite of predictions suggesting otherwise.
From the Paper
"In 1969 there were problems at Hanford with the N-reactor causing rupturing and leaking of fuel rods. The situation was expediently handled and the contaminants buried in container beneath 50 feet of concrete, during the process tie gross beta radiation shot up more than sixty-times over what was considered to be safe. The problem with the disposal method was that clean up was difficult in gaining someone to perform it but finally the Department of Energy took on the job in 1980. Congress passed the LLWP Act of 1980 which is the Low-level Waste Policy Act which required removal of low-level radioactive waste from the sites being decommissioned. Approximately 1.1 million cubic feet of the low-level waste was removed during 1990 from the collective sites and sent to be permanently stored at the Nevada Test site of sent to commercial disposal sites."
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